Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia ...
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Chapter 4: Improv<strong>in</strong>g Forest Quality and Livelihoods <strong>in</strong> Indonesia • 127<br />
and reorientation <strong>of</strong> values, potentially mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>management</strong> and decisionmak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>stitutions more responsive.<br />
Nevertheless, the potential <strong>of</strong> ACM <strong>in</strong> Indonesia should be seen <strong>in</strong><br />
perspective and expectations not be exaggerated. The considerable<br />
transaction costs <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> ACM and the need for adequate <strong>in</strong>stitutional<br />
capacities for implement<strong>in</strong>g it should be carefully assessed and matched<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st present policy and <strong>in</strong>stitutional conditions. We are just beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to better understand the essence <strong>of</strong> learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> social encounters <strong>in</strong> forest<br />
<strong>management</strong>, and the possible ways <strong>in</strong> which such learn<strong>in</strong>g affects forest<br />
quality and human-well be<strong>in</strong>g. The ACM experience shared here has<br />
shaped opportunities for further exploration and action, for the betterment<br />
<strong>of</strong> both <strong>forests</strong> and people.<br />
Endnotes<br />
1 The author thanks the <strong>Asia</strong>n Development Bank for its f<strong>in</strong>ancial support<br />
to the ACM first-phase research <strong>in</strong> Indonesia and to the District Governments <strong>of</strong><br />
Bungo (Jambi) and <strong>of</strong> Pasir for their cooperation dur<strong>in</strong>g the research. She further<br />
wishes to thank CIFOR’s partners, YGB, PSHK-ODA, and PADI, for their cont<strong>in</strong>ued<br />
support and collaboration. The hospitality <strong>of</strong> the communities <strong>of</strong> Baru Pelepat, Rantau<br />
Layung and Rantau Buta, which shared valuable time with the team dur<strong>in</strong>g the action<br />
research, is greatly appreciated. The author also thanks L<strong>in</strong>da Yuliani at CIFOR for<br />
her coord<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g support to ACM Indonesia; Stepi Hakim, who was responsible for<br />
the Pasir site; and Yayan Indriatmoko and Hasantoha Adnan, both at CIFOR, for their<br />
assistance and collegiality. Furthermore, she highly values the critical comments <strong>of</strong> an<br />
earlier draft <strong>of</strong> this chapter provided by the anonymous reviewers.<br />
2 Besides the author, team members were (<strong>in</strong> alphabetical order) Hasantoha<br />
Adnan, Stepi Hakim, Yayan Indriatmoko, and L<strong>in</strong>da Yuliani –all affiliated with<br />
CIFOR—and staff <strong>of</strong> three local NGOs, Yayasan Gita Buana, Pusat Studi Hukum dan<br />
Otonomi Daerah and Yayasan Padi.<br />
3 CIFOR field researchers were a zoologist, a social scientist-agriculturalist,<br />
anthropologists and ecologists.<br />
4 In Jambi these were Yayasan Gita Buana (an NGO focus<strong>in</strong>g on environment<br />
and development) and Pusat Studi Hukum dan Kebijakan Otonomi Daerah (an NGO<br />
concerned with policies and decentralisation). In East Kalimantan this was PADI (an<br />
NGO deal<strong>in</strong>g with environment and <strong>community</strong> development).<br />
5 Based on context studies: De Boer et al. 2002; Hakim (2001a,b,c); Hakim<br />
and Hamdani (2000); Hakim et al. (2001); Hartanto et al. (2001); Indriatmoko and<br />
Kusumanto (2001); Kusumanto (2000a,b; 2001a,b,c); Kusumanto and Indriatmoko<br />
(2001).<br />
6 The diversity <strong>of</strong> population can be traced to the <strong>of</strong>ficial placement <strong>of</strong><br />
some groups under a 1997 government resettlement project, and the spontaneous