Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia ...

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102 • Trikurnianti Kusumanto since customary lands are unmapped (hence not protected by law), some tracts overlap with state forest, are given in concession to logging companies or become government resettlement projects. In Jambi, for instance, the government converted communal land that it considered state forest to a resettlement project. Further, since the Lumut Protection Forest in Pasir was established, the community has not been allowed to clear forest for agriculture, as it used to do. Customary regulations are not adequate, either. They have failed to accommodate the different interests that have arisen with the settlement of people from other regions, and traditional institutions’ authority has waned because people no longer trust some local leaders. The sites are therefore good examples of the way the Indonesian policy setting has complicated local-level forest management. Table 4-1 lists the actors who have a stake in the management of natural resources. Stakeholders who are directly affected by management decisions are prioritised based on stakeholder analyses carried out by the field teams 8 . Table 4-1. Stakeholders On site Off site Baru Pelepat, Jambi Nomadic Orang Rimba (women and men) Indigenous community (women and men) Settler community (women and men) Village elite Youth Customary institution Village government Religious institution Women’s groups Rantau Layung and Rantau Buta, East Kalimantan Farmer groups (women and men) Youth (women and men) Forest workers (men) Elderly (men) Village elite (formal government officials and customary leaders) Neighbouring hamlet of Lubuk Telau Six neighbouring villages ICDP project/NGO (at time of research) District planning office District forestry service District transmigration agency Office of the Bupati (district head) Logging companies (Inhutani V, Koperasi Lamusa, at time of research) ACM facilitators CIFOR researchers Neighbouring villages (Kasungai, Batu Kajang) Sawmill owners Subdistrict formal government (Batu Sopang) Forest workers from neighbouring villages Logging companies (PT Telaga Mas, CV Teguh Maronda Prima, at time of research) District forestry service Regional planning agency District environmental impact agency ACM facilitators CIFOR researchers
Chapter 4: Improving Forest Quality and Livelihoods in Indonesia • 103 ACM approach in action This section gives an overview of the ACM approach taken by the local actors, supported by facilitators and the research team, in the two research sites. It describes a possible model for community forestry—as developed and tested through the participatory action research of this project. We refer to the implementation of the approach as an intervention because the ACM approach was being considered as a way of adding strength to existing participatory forest management initiatives in Indonesia. The section first describes the interventions in the two sites, emphasising the differences that reflect the differences in contexts. There follows a discussion on the process of the interventions. Different ‘interventions’ for different conditions Different site conditions called for different facilitative interventions whose direction was determined by the priorities and interests that the local stakeholders identified by during the context studies. The ACM intervention in Baru Pelepat village had as a starting point four problems cited by community stakeholders: • unclear boundaries of the community’s customary forest area and, hence, an insecure legal basis for resource management (indicated by harvesting by outsiders); • poor social relationships in the community (e.g., between settlers and original people, and between the village elite and wider community, indicated by low levels of interaction and reciprocity, trust, collaborative action, and occasionally social conflict); • weak community decision-making institutions (indicated by low participation of women and settlers); and • insecure livelihoods because of the lack of alternatives to timber logging. Given those problems, and to keep pace with broader socio-economic changes and demands from decentralisation, community actors saw the need to increase their self-reliance and institutional capacity. This would, as perceived, in turn lead to the betterment of standards of living. ACM was therefore aimed at creating community-wide learning to help people achieve their goals. In Pasir, conservation of forest resources conflicted with interests in improving local living standards, and current employment options were dictated by
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Adaptive Collaborative Management o
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Copyright © 2007 by Center for Int
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iv • Contents Chapter 5. Muddling
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vi • Foreword problem solving. Th
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viii • About the Contributors God
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Acknowledgements In early 1999, two
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Chapter 1. Introduction: People, Fo
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Chapter 1: Introduction: People, Fo
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Chapter 2: Adaptive Collaborative M
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Chapter 6: Facilitating Change from
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Chapter 7: Discussion and Conclusio
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CIFOR is a leading international fo
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Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia ...

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