Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia ...

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100 • Trikurnianti Kusumanto MALAYSIA MALAYSIA ´ SINGAPORE SOUTH CHINA SEA EAST KALIMANTAN Pekanbaru %U RIAU %U Pontianak WEST KALIMANTAN JAMBI # Baru Pelepat %U Jambi BANGKA BELITUNG CENTRAL KALIMANTAN Palangkaraya %U Rantau Layung # # Rantau Buta Balikpapan %U Bengkulu %U %U Palembang SOUTH SUMATRA SOUTH KALIMANTAN %U Banjarmasin BENGKULU LAMPUNG JAVA SEA 250 125 0 250 Kilometers Legend #0 Country capital %U Province capital #0 JAKARTA # Study area Forested area Figure 4-1. Baru Pelepat, Jambi Province, and Rantau Layung and Rantau Buta, Pasir District, East Kalimantan Province Baru Pelepat in Bungo District, Jambi Province Baru Pelepat village in Jambi Province (central Sumatra) is situated about 65 kilometers east of the Kerinci Seblat National Park—one of the four largest conservation areas in Southeast Asia. It is located along the upstream of the Pelepat River, part of the watershed for the major rivers of Jambi. Forest cover, mainly secondary growth, is still significant and has evolved as part of the traditional swidden system, based on fallow rotation. Small patches of primary forest can be found on the higher parts of the landscape. Since the mid-1970s, development has focused on large-scale timber extraction, resettlement projects and oil palm plantations. Thus far, the community has witnessed these developments only from the sidelines. The village community is diverse 6 and comprises indigenous people (descended from the matrilineal Minangkabau of West Sumatra), settlers from various ethnic groups (Javanese and Jambi), and a nomadic group calling itself Orang Rimba (‘people of the forest’) 7 . The Orang Rimba have remained almost fully forest adapted, while the Minangkabau group practices an agroforestry system that includes the planting of rubber. The
Chapter 4: Improving Forest Quality and Livelihoods in Indonesia • 101 gathering of nontimber forest products (like rattan and fibre for own consumption or sale) by the Orang Rimba and the Minangkabau groups has virtually ended because of these products’ scarcity. Driven by external market forces and excessive logging by outsiders, the Minangkabau group began their own logging in nearby forest are in the mid-1980s. The settlers— who have lived in the village since 1997—are predominantly engaged in agricultural crop farming and the cultivation of perennials like coffee or rubber on allotted holdings. Some, however, have adopted the indigenous population’s rotational agriculture and have been engaged in logging. Rantau Layung and Rantau Buta in Pasir District, East Kalimantan The neighbouring villages of Rantau Layung and Rantau Buta in Pasir District (East Kalimantan) are situated between Lumut Mountain and the Kasungai River, approximately 202 kilometres southwest of Balikpapan. The villages are part of a microwatershed of the Lumut Mountain ecosystem and are situated in a logging concession area. Parts of the forest considered by the villages to be theirs are located within the Lumut Mountain Forest, which was formally designated in 1993 as protection forest. Surrounding the villages are mainly second-growth forest areas interspersed with community agricultural lands and forest gardens with fruit, coconut trees, rattan on distinct holdings and large-scale logging tracts. Primary forests can be found near the border of the protection forest. The majority of the people in the two villages are of Dayak Adang descent, and a minority belong to the Banjar and Javanese ethnic groups. In the past, the people made a livelihood practicing rotational agriculture and selling rattan collected from the forest or forest gardens. As result of forest fires and commercial logging, however, the availability of forest products like rattan, fruit, and honey has seriously declined. Having witnessed the increasing commercial logging in the area and driven by external market forces since decentralisation, local people have become more engaged in the logging of timber, beginning in the early 1990s. Institutions, actors, and policy setting In both sites, customary institutions regulate the management of natural resources at community level, including boundary setting, land-use planning and development and enforcement of customary rules. The government, however, does not officially recognise these institutions, and
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Adaptive Collaborative Management o
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Copyright © 2007 by Center for Int
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iv • Contents Chapter 5. Muddling
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vi • Foreword problem solving. Th
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viii • About the Contributors God
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Acknowledgements In early 1999, two
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Chapter 1. Introduction: People, Fo
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Chapter 1: Introduction: People, Fo
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Chapter 2: Adaptive Collaborative M
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Chapter 6: Facilitating Change from
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Chapter 7: Discussion and Conclusio
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CIFOR is a leading international fo
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Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia ...

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