TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR BARIUM AND COMPOUNDS ...

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78 5. POTENTIAL <strong>FOR</strong> HUMAN EXPOSURE year from uncontrolled kilns during the processing of barite ore and 8 metric tons (17,640 pounds) per year from black ash (i.e., barium sulfide) rotary kilns during the production of barium hydroxide (Reznik and Toy 1978). The use of barium in the form of organometallic compounds as a smoke suppressant in diesel fuels results in the release of solids to the atmosphere (Miner 1969a; Ng and Patterson 1982; Schroeder 1970). The maximum concentration of soluble barium in exhaust gases containing barium-based smoke suppressants released from test diesel engines and operating diesel vehicles is estimated to be 12,000 mg/m 3 , when the barium concentration in the diesel fuel is 0.075% by weight and 25% of the exhausted barium (at a sampling point 10 ft from the engine and upstream from the muffler) is soluble (Golothan 1967). Thus, 1 L of this exhaust gas contains an estimated 12 mg soluble barium or 48 mg total barium (Schroeder 1970). 5.2.2 Water The primary source of naturally occurring barium in drinking water results from the leaching and eroding of sedimentary rocks into groundwater (Kojola et al. 1978). Although barium occurs naturally in most surface water bodies (i.e., approximately 99% of those examined) (Kopp and Kroner 1967), releases of barium to surface waters from natural sources are much lower than those to groundwater (Kojola et al. 1978). About 80% of the barium produced is used as barite to make high-density oil and gas well drilling muds, and during offshore drilling operations there are periodic discharges of drilling wastes in the form of cuttings and muds into the ocean (Ng and Patterson 1982). For example, in the Santa Barbara Channel region, about 10% of the muds used are lost into the ocean (Ng and Patterson 1982). The use of barium in offshore drilling operations may increase barium pollution, especially in coastal sediments (Ng and Patterson 1982). Barium has been detected with a positive geometric mean concentration of 101.6 mg/L in groundwater samples from approximately 58% of the 2,783 hazardous waste sites that have had samples analyzed by the Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) (CLPSD 1989). Barium has also been detected with a positive geometric mean of 62.6 mg/L in surface water samples from 27% of the sites in the CLP statistical database (CLPSD 1989). Note that these data from the CLP Statistical Database (CLPSD) represent frequency of occurrence and concentration information for NPL sites only. According to TRI, an estimated total of 312,000 pounds of barium and barium compounds were released to surface waters from manufacturing and processing facilities in the United States in 1987 (TRI 1989).
79 5. POTENTIAL <strong>FOR</strong> HUMAN EXPOSURE 5.2.3 Soil The process of drilling for crude oil and natural gas generates waste drilling fluids or muds, which are often disposed of by land farming. Most of these fluids are water based and contain barite and other metal salts. Thus barium may be introduced into soils as the result of land farming these slurried reserve pit wastes (Bates 1988). The use of barium fluorosilicate and carbonate as insecticides (Beliles 1979; Meister 1989) might also contribute to the presence of barium in agricultural soils. According to TRI, an estimated total of 14.9 million pounds of barium and barium compounds were released to soils from manufacturing and processing facilities in the United States in 1987 (TRI 1989). Barium has been detected with a positive geometric mean concentration of 100.5 ppm in soil samples from approximately 52% of the hazardous waste sites that have had samples analyzed by the CLP (CLPSD 1989). Note that these data from the CLPSD represent frequency of occurrence and concentration data for NPL sites only. 5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE 5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning Most barium released to the environment from industrial sources is in forms that do not become widely dispersed (Ng and Patterson 1982). In the atmosphere, barium is likely to be present in particulate form (EPA 1984). Although chemical reactions may cause changes in speciation of barium in air, the main mechanisms for the removal of barium compounds from the atmosphere are likely to be wet and dry deposition (EPA 1984). In aquatic media, barium is likely to precipitate out of solution as an insoluble salt (i.e., as BaS0 4 or BaC0 3 ). Waterborne barium may also adsorb to suspended particulate matter (Bodek et al. 1988; EPA 1984; Lagas et al. 1984). Precipitation of barium sulfate salts is accelerated when rivers enter the ocean because of the high sulfate content in the ocean (Bowen 1966). Sedimentation of suspended solids removes a large portion of the barium content from surface waters (Benes et al. 1983). Barium in sediments is found largely in the form of barium sulfate (barite). Coarse silt sediment in a turbulent environment will often grind and cleave the barium sulfate from the sediment particles leaving a buildup of dense barites (Merefield 1987). Estimated soil: water distribution coefficients (Kd) (i.e., the ratio of the quantity of barium sorbed per gram of sorbent to the concentration of barium remaining in solution at equilibrium) range from 200 to 2,800 for sediments and sandy loam soils (Baes et al. 1984; Rai et al. 1984).
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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR BARIUM AN
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iii FOREWORD The Superfund Amendmen
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2 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT chlori
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4 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT irrita
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7 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 2.1 INTRODUCTIO
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9 2. HEALTH EFFECTS from any of the
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11 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 2.2.1.5 Develo
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13 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Mortality has
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22 2. HEALTH EFFECTS either 0.071,
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24 2. HEALTH EFFECTS plasma fibrino
Page 38 and 39: 26 2. HEALTH EFFECTS rats and mice
Page 40 and 41: 28 2. HEALTH EFFECTS barium/kg/day
Page 42 and 43: 30 2. HEALTH EFFECTS purulent disch
Page 44 and 45: 32 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Experiments in
Page 46 and 47: 34 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Animal studies
Page 48 and 49: 36 2. HEALTH EFFECTS may potentiall
Page 50 and 51: 38 2. HEALTH EFFECTS sulfate enema
Page 52 and 53: 40 2. HEALTH EFFECTS system were re
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Page 56 and 57: 44 2. HEALTH EFFECTS designed to te
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Page 60 and 61: 48 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Barbiturates h
Page 63 and 64: 51 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Singh 1970; Di
Page 65 and 66: 53 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Reduced lifesp
Page 67 and 68: 55 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Developmental
Page 69 and 70: 57 2. HEALTH EFFECTS of barium, wel
Page 71: 59 3. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMA
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Page 105: 93 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS 6.2 ENVIRO
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Page 117 and 118: 105 8. REFERENCES ACGIH. 1982. TLVs
Page 119 and 120: 107 8. REFERENCES *Boothe PN. James
Page 121 and 122: 109 8. REFERENCES Clary JJ, Tardiff
Page 123 and 124: 111 8. REFERENCES Douglas WW, Rubin
Page 125 and 126: 113 8. REFERENCES *EPA. 1984. Healt
Page 127 and 128: 115 8. REFERENCES *FSTRhC. 1988. Fe
Page 129 and 130: 117 8. REFERENCES *Hem JD. 1959. St
Page 131 and 132: 119 8. REFERENCES Kolpakov W. 1971.
Page 133 and 134: 121 8. REFERENCES *McCauley PT, Dou
Page 135 and 136: 123 8. REFERENCES NIOSH. 1987a. NIO
Page 137 and 138: 125 8. REFERENCES *Pierce FD, Brown
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127 8. REFERENCES *Sax NI, Lewis RJ
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129 8. REFERENCES Simmonds RJ, Jame
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131 8. REFERENCES Syed IB, Hosain F
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133 8. REFERENCES Weiss G, ed. 1986
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136 9. GLOSSARY Immediately Dangero
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138 9. GLOSSARY Short-Term Exposure
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A-2 APPENDIX A three LSE tables and
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A-4 APPENDIX A (18). Estimated Uppe
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A-8 APPENDIX A MRL users should be
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