TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR BARIUM AND COMPOUNDS ...

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72 4. PRODUCTION, IMPORT. USE, <strong>AND</strong> DISPOSAL and local regulations concerning barium disposal should be followed (HSDB 1989). No other guidelines or regulations concerning disposal of barium and its compounds were found.
73 5. POTENTIAL <strong>FOR</strong> HUMAN EXPOSURE 5.1 OVERVIEW Barium is a naturally occurring component of minerals that are found in small but widely distributed amounts in the earth's crust, especially in igneous rocks, sandstone, shale, and coal (Kunesh 1978; Miner 1969a). Barium enters the environment naturally through the weathering of rocks and minerals. Anthropogenic releases are primarily associated with industrial processes. Barium is present in the atmosphere, urban and rural surface water, soils, and many foods. Under natural conditions, barium is stable in the +2 valence state and is found primarily in the form of inorganic complexes. Conditions such as pH, Eh (oxidation-reduction potential), cation exchange capacity, and the presence of sulfate, carbonate, and metal oxides will affect the partitioning of barium and its compounds in the environment, The major features of the biogeochemical cycle of barium include wet and dry deposition to land and surface water, leaching from geological formations to groundwater, adsorption to soil and sediment particulates, and biomagnification in terrestrial and aquatic food chains. The general population is exposed to barium through consumption of drinking water and foods, usually at low levels. Workers in barium mining or processing industries and individuals who reside near such industries might be exposed to relatively high levels, primarily through the inhalation of fugitive dust containing barium compounds. The most recent occupational exposure estimates indicate that about 10,000 people were potentially exposed to barium and about 474,000 to barium compounds in workplace environments in the United States in 1980. EPA has identified 1,177 NPL sites. Barium has been found at 154 of the total number of sites evaluated for barium. Barium cyanide and barium carbonate have also been found at 1 and 8 sites, respectively (View 1989). However, we do not know how many of the 1,177 sites have been evaluated for barium, barium cyanide, or barium carbonate. As more sites are evaluated by EPA, these numbers may change. The frequency of these sites within the United States can be seen in Figure 5-l. 5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT Barium is a highly reactive metal that occurs naturally only in a combined state. The element is released to environmental media by both natural processes and anthropogenic sources. According to the SARA Section 313 Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), an estimated total of 16.3 million pounds of barium and barium compounds were released to the environment from manufacturing and processing facilities in
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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR BARIUM AN
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iii FOREWORD The Superfund Amendmen
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2 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT chlori
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4 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT irrita
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7 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 2.1 INTRODUCTIO
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9 2. HEALTH EFFECTS from any of the
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11 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 2.2.1.5 Develo
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13 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Mortality has
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Page 36 and 37: 24 2. HEALTH EFFECTS plasma fibrino
Page 38 and 39: 26 2. HEALTH EFFECTS rats and mice
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Page 42 and 43: 30 2. HEALTH EFFECTS purulent disch
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Page 46 and 47: 34 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Animal studies
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Page 50 and 51: 38 2. HEALTH EFFECTS sulfate enema
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Page 60 and 61: 48 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Barbiturates h
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Page 65 and 66: 53 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Reduced lifesp
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Page 71: 59 3. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMA
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Page 117 and 118: 105 8. REFERENCES ACGIH. 1982. TLVs
Page 119 and 120: 107 8. REFERENCES *Boothe PN. James
Page 121 and 122: 109 8. REFERENCES Clary JJ, Tardiff
Page 123 and 124: 111 8. REFERENCES Douglas WW, Rubin
Page 125 and 126: 113 8. REFERENCES *EPA. 1984. Healt
Page 127 and 128: 115 8. REFERENCES *FSTRhC. 1988. Fe
Page 129 and 130: 117 8. REFERENCES *Hem JD. 1959. St
Page 131 and 132: 119 8. REFERENCES Kolpakov W. 1971.
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123 8. REFERENCES NIOSH. 1987a. NIO
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125 8. REFERENCES *Pierce FD, Brown
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127 8. REFERENCES *Sax NI, Lewis RJ
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129 8. REFERENCES Simmonds RJ, Jame
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131 8. REFERENCES Syed IB, Hosain F
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133 8. REFERENCES Weiss G, ed. 1986
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136 9. GLOSSARY Immediately Dangero
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138 9. GLOSSARY Short-Term Exposure
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A-2 APPENDIX A three LSE tables and
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A-4 APPENDIX A (18). Estimated Uppe
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A-8 APPENDIX A MRL users should be
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