TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR BARIUM AND COMPOUNDS ...

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58 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Washington 1983). However, there are not enough similar studies on different species to determine this with certainty. Studies on different species would increase confidence in the reliability of the existing database. Mitigation of Effects. Methods have been reported for limiting oral and dermal absorption of barium compounds (Bronstein and Currance 1988; Dreisbach and Robertson 1987; Haddad and Winchester 1990) and for counteracting the hypokalemia that is produced by barium in acute high-level exposure situations (Dreisbach and Robertson 1987; Haddad and Winchester 1990; Proctor et al. 1988). Contradictions exist in the literature regarding the efficacy or desirability of administering emetics (Bronstein and Currance 1988; Ellenhorn and Barceloux 1988; Haddad and Winchester 1990). Additional studies clarifying this issue would be helpful. Also, studies directed at finding a more efficient way to remove barium from the body would be useful. It is unclear whether mechanisms other than hypokalemia contribute to the toxic effects produced in acute high-level exposure situations. Additional information on the mechanisms responsible for the toxic effects of barium could aid in the development of effective treatments. Magnesium has been reported to antagonize the neuromuscular effects (Dreisbach and Robertson 1987). Additional studies examining the efficacy of administering soluble magnesium salts to antagonize the effects of barium would also be helpful. No information was located on treatment strategies for long-term low-level exposures. Research on procedures for mitigating such chronic exposure situations would be helpful. 2.9.3 On-going Studies A 2-year lifetime study of barium chloride in drinking water was conducted in rats and mice by the National Toxicology Program. The study was completed in the 1987 fiscal year, however, the histopathological section is still in progress (NTP 1990). One on-going study regarding health effects of barium was reported in the FEDRIP (1989) database. An epidemiological study is presently being conducted by L. Frohman. The relationship between barium in drinking water and the cardiovascular risk effects to humans is being assessed. No other information was obtained.
59 3. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION 3.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY Barium is an alkaline earth metal of atomic number 56 in Group IIA of the periodic table of elements. It reacts with several other elements to form commercially-important salts. The chemical formula, structure, synonyms, and identification numbers for barium and its compounds are listed in Table 3-l. 3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Important physical and chemical properties of barium and its compounds are listed in Table 3-2.
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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR BARIUM AN
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iii FOREWORD The Superfund Amendmen
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2 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT chlori
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4 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT irrita
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109 8. REFERENCES Clary JJ, Tardiff
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111 8. REFERENCES Douglas WW, Rubin
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113 8. REFERENCES *EPA. 1984. Healt
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115 8. REFERENCES *FSTRhC. 1988. Fe
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117 8. REFERENCES *Hem JD. 1959. St
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119 8. REFERENCES Kolpakov W. 1971.
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121 8. REFERENCES *McCauley PT, Dou
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123 8. REFERENCES NIOSH. 1987a. NIO
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125 8. REFERENCES *Pierce FD, Brown
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127 8. REFERENCES *Sax NI, Lewis RJ
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129 8. REFERENCES Simmonds RJ, Jame
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131 8. REFERENCES Syed IB, Hosain F
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133 8. REFERENCES Weiss G, ed. 1986
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136 9. GLOSSARY Immediately Dangero
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138 9. GLOSSARY Short-Term Exposure
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A-2 APPENDIX A three LSE tables and
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A-4 APPENDIX A (18). Estimated Uppe
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A-8 APPENDIX A MRL users should be
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