TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR BARIUM AND COMPOUNDS ...

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96 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS 6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE Section 104(i)(5) of CERCLA as amended directs the Administrator of ATSDR (in consultation with the Administrator of EPA and agencies and programs of the Public Health Service) to assess whether adequate information on the health effects of barium is available. Where adequate information is not available, ATSDR, in conjunction with the NTP, is required to assure the initiation of a program of research designed to determine the health effects (and techniques for developing methods to determine such health effects) of barium. The following categories of possible data needs have been identified by a joint team of scientists from ATSDR. NTP, and EPA. They are defined as substance-specific informational needs that, if met, would reduce or eliminate the uncertainties of human health assessment. In the future, the identified data needs will be evaluated and prioritized, and a substance-specific research agenda will be proposed. 6.3.1 Data Needs Methods for Determining Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect. Several methods are a available for measuring biomarkers of exposure. ICP-AES is the analytical method used for measuring barium in blood, urine and bone of humans and animals at ppt (sub µg/L) levels (Mauras and Allain 1979; Schramel 1988; Shiraishi et al. 1987). NAA technique has also been employed for measuring barium in blood of humans and animals at ppb (µg/L) levels (Olehy et al. 1966). These techniques are sensitive for measuring background levels of barium in the population. However, it is not known whether data collected using these techniques have been used to correlate the levels of barium in biological tissues and fluids to exposure levels. At present, no biomarkers of effect are available for barium. There are no data to indicate whether a biomarker, if available, would be preferred over chemical analysis for monitoring effects from long-term and short-term exposure to barium. Methods for Determining Parent Compounds and Degradation Products in Environmental Media. GFAAS and FAAS are the most widely used analytical techniques for measuring barium and its compounds in air (NIOSH 1987b), water (Edelbeck and West 1970; Fagioli et al. 1988; Johnson et al. 1983; Pierce and Brown 1977; Roe and Froelich 1984), waste water (EPA 1979a, 1979b, 1986c; Murata and Noguchi 1974), rocks and minerals (Bano 1973), unused lubricating oil (Holding and Rowson 1975), and diagnostic meals (Sharp and Knevel 1971). The media of most concern for potential human exposure to barium is water. GFAAS and FAAS techniques are sensitive for measuring background levels of barium in aqueous media (Epstein and Zander 1979; Roe and Froelich 1984).
97 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS However, it is not known whether these techniques are sensitive for measuring levels of barium at which health effects might begin to occur. FAAS and GFAAS are the methods (Methods 208.1, 208.2, 7080, and 7081) recommended by EPA for detecting ppb levels of barium in water and waste water (EPA 1979a, 1979b, 1986c). GFAAS has also been employed to detect ppt levels of barium in aqueous media (Epstein and Zander 1979; Roe and Froelich 1984). No additional methods for detecting barium and its compounds in environmental media appear to be useful at this time. 6.3.2 On-going Studies No on-going studies regarding techniques for measuring and determining barium in biological and environmental samples were located.
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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR BARIUM AN
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iii FOREWORD The Superfund Amendmen
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2 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT chlori
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4 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT irrita
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7 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 2.1 INTRODUCTIO
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9 2. HEALTH EFFECTS from any of the
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11 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 2.2.1.5 Develo
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13 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Mortality has
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22 2. HEALTH EFFECTS either 0.071,
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24 2. HEALTH EFFECTS plasma fibrino
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26 2. HEALTH EFFECTS rats and mice
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28 2. HEALTH EFFECTS barium/kg/day
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30 2. HEALTH EFFECTS purulent disch
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32 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Experiments in
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34 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Animal studies
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36 2. HEALTH EFFECTS may potentiall
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38 2. HEALTH EFFECTS sulfate enema
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40 2. HEALTH EFFECTS system were re
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42 2. HEALTH EFFECTS microscopic le
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Page 60 and 61: 48 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Barbiturates h
Page 63 and 64: 51 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Singh 1970; Di
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Page 67 and 68: 55 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Developmental
Page 69 and 70: 57 2. HEALTH EFFECTS of barium, wel
Page 71: 59 3. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMA
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Page 117 and 118: 105 8. REFERENCES ACGIH. 1982. TLVs
Page 119 and 120: 107 8. REFERENCES *Boothe PN. James
Page 121 and 122: 109 8. REFERENCES Clary JJ, Tardiff
Page 123 and 124: 111 8. REFERENCES Douglas WW, Rubin
Page 125 and 126: 113 8. REFERENCES *EPA. 1984. Healt
Page 127 and 128: 115 8. REFERENCES *FSTRhC. 1988. Fe
Page 129 and 130: 117 8. REFERENCES *Hem JD. 1959. St
Page 131 and 132: 119 8. REFERENCES Kolpakov W. 1971.
Page 133 and 134: 121 8. REFERENCES *McCauley PT, Dou
Page 135 and 136: 123 8. REFERENCES NIOSH. 1987a. NIO
Page 137 and 138: 125 8. REFERENCES *Pierce FD, Brown
Page 139 and 140: 127 8. REFERENCES *Sax NI, Lewis RJ
Page 141 and 142: 129 8. REFERENCES Simmonds RJ, Jame
Page 143 and 144: 131 8. REFERENCES Syed IB, Hosain F
Page 145: 133 8. REFERENCES Weiss G, ed. 1986
Page 148 and 149: 136 9. GLOSSARY Immediately Dangero
Page 150 and 151: 138 9. GLOSSARY Short-Term Exposure
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A-8 APPENDIX A MRL users should be
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