the attic stelai - The American School of Classical Studies at Athens
the attic stelai - The American School of Classical Studies at Athens the attic stelai - The American School of Classical Studies at Athens
THE ATTIC STELAI 291 instrument, see Aeschylus, fragment 196 N. In Aristophanes, Pax, 566-570, the dikellc is mentioned with the sphyra and thrinax as a tool of the farm. Its purpose was to break up the soil. The price of a dikella in Athens in 327/6 B.C. was two drachmas. This figure comes from the accounts of the epistatai of Eleusis, who listed twelve dikellai of a stater and a half each. The stater is given as 8 obols,"0 and the total payment, as restored by Kirchner, was 24 drachmas. In the Edict of Diocletian, the maximum price for a dikella is given as 12 denarii (Col. XV, 43: reading of the Geronthrean stone). The reason for the occurrence of the word dikella in an inscription relating to building and in particular to stone-quarrying (I.G., 112, 1673) is not entirely clear."' A hoe is hardly suitable in this context. The two prongs of the dikella were not always parallel. Like skapane, the word was used as well for an instrument with transverse hoe-like blades.32 Since the meaning of *KEXXa is to ' cleave ' or ' split ' 3 our instrument may be the 'trimming-hammer' described in Casson, op. cit, pp. 171- 173, as the tool used in the earliest stages of stonework. There is no specific reference to this tool, and its name is not known. One end was flat, the other pointed, not unlike the modern geological hammer. Casson has reported the marks of such a tool at an ancient quarry. Very similar to this tool are the miner's pickaxe, illustrated in Petrie, op. cit., plate XIV, no. 74, which had a point to split the stone and an axe for trimming, and the quarryman's pick, illustrated in Petrie, plate XIV, nos. 71-72, in the shape of a modern stone-pick. The stonecutter's mallet,"4 rectangular in shape with flat heads, which is illustrated in Richter, op. cit., fig. 439, and the similar instrument with longer handle which is depicted in the quarrying scenes in the Vatican manuscript of Vergil,35 are other quarrying instruments with transverse blades. 5. 8pE'itavov (II, 128). Pruning-hook. Drepcanon is followed in the next line by the word a,u1rEXopyOv, so spelled in the Attic script. I have interpreted this latter word, not as the genitive plural of the noun a4A4rEXovpyyos which means a vineyard worker (vinitor)36 nor as the new name of a tool, but as an adjective, synonymous in meaning with d/9EXovpylKV , ' of' or ' for culture of vines,' modifying drepcnon. In the records of Brauronian Artemis, the two words seem to be similarly joined (I.G., 12, 1526). For the formation of the adjective, cf. a'V0E'Oovpy0s, -ov and similar adjectives listed in Buck and Petersen, Reverse Index, pp. 629-631. According to Hesiod, Scutum Her- 30 I.G., II2, 1673, line 50. Cf. Kirchner's note ad loc. 3' For bibliography on the tools of the stone worker, see Richter, op. cit., p. 143, note 55. 32 See Buck, loc. cit. 83 See Boisacq, Dictionnaire4, s.v. 84 For words for hammer, see Bliimner, Technologie, II, pp. 194 ff. Illustrated in Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire, I, p. 381, fig. 465; and Bliimner, Technologie, III, p. 83. 36 See Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire, s.v. Vinitor. The ampelourgos was usually a slave.
292 W. KENDRICK PRITCHETT culis, 292, a drepanon was used by vintagers, and in Plato, Republic, 333 d, the drepanon is connected with the art of vine-dressing. Homer in Od., XVIII, 368, calls the sickle EV'KacJTE'S, 'well-curved.' Hesiod applies to a'p7r) (Theog., 175), which is the same instrument as the drepanon of line 162, the epithet KapXaLPo0ovg; hence the blade must have had a serrated edge. Metal pruning-hooks discovered in American excavations in Athens are published by D. B. Thompson in Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 421, fig. 18; and by 0. Broneer in Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 210, fig. 44, no. 215. For other examples, reference may be made to D. M. Robinson, Olynthus, X, p. 340, note 21. The general meaning of drepanon is 'sickle,' but the word was also used for the scythes on the Persian chariots.38 According to Reinach,39 the shape and size varied, but the drepanon was distinguished from an ordinary knife by having a curved cutting surface. Reinach gives illustrations of the object.40 More recently, H. J. W. Tillyard has published a group of inscriptions from the Spartan Artemision in several of which a socket in the shape of a sickle was cut into the stone.41 Tillyard states that an iron drepanon was the prize for boys' contests and that it was offered to Artemis.42 One of Tillyard's fragments (no. 17) is part of a metrical inscription of Roman date and the reference to drepanon is plain. The price of a drepanon is given by Aristophanes (Coulon's text) as five drachmas in time of peace.43 6. OEpbLcavo-rLs (I, 97, 98). Kettle for boiling water, tongs. The word is defined by Liddell-Scott-Jones as ' tongs ' or ' kettle.' The latter definition comes from Pollux, X, 66. In listing the pots used for heating water, he gives OepLuavT'4p, OEplav-rpiq, and follows these with xaXKwa OEeppLavrTpta and XE'/30rEs. Our word in Stele I immediately follows the entry XaXKL'Ov OEplLavr 'ptov of line 96, which in turn is preceded by XE',/3 in lines 91-92. This position, then, suggests that the meaning of our word is ' kettle.' See Amyx in " The Attic Stelai, Part III," to appear subsequently. Pollux gives the form of our word as 8Epttavo-rpig. For the loss of the liquid, see Schwyzer, Gr. Gram., I, p. 260. For ancient tongs used by metal workers, reference may be made in particular to Bliimner, Technologie, II, p. 193. For an illustration of iron tongs, see G. R. Davidson, Corinth, XII, no. 1444. 37 See Buck, Dictionary, p. 507. 38 Xenophon, Anab., I, 7, 10. 39 Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire, s.v. Falx. 40 Cf. also Beazley in Caskey-Beazley, Attic Vase Paintings in Boston, Part II, London and Boston, 1954, p. 72. 41 B.S.A., XII, 1905-1906, pp. 351-393. 42 Ibid., pp. 384-386. 43 Pax, 1201. Cf. above, p. 288.
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292 W. KENDRICK PRITCHETT<br />
culis, 292, a drepanon was used by vintagers, and in Pl<strong>at</strong>o, Republic, 333 d, <strong>the</strong> drepanon<br />
is connected with <strong>the</strong> art <strong>of</strong> vine-dressing. Homer in Od., XVIII, 368, calls<br />
<strong>the</strong> sickle EV'KacJTE'S, 'well-curved.' Hesiod applies to a'p7r) (<strong>The</strong>og., 175), which is<br />
<strong>the</strong> same instrument as <strong>the</strong> drepanon <strong>of</strong> line 162, <strong>the</strong> epi<strong>the</strong>t KapXaLPo0ovg; hence <strong>the</strong><br />
blade must have had a serr<strong>at</strong>ed edge.<br />
Metal pruning-hooks discovered in <strong>American</strong> excav<strong>at</strong>ions in A<strong>the</strong>ns are published<br />
by D. B. Thompson in Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 421, fig. 18; and by 0. Broneer in<br />
Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 210, fig. 44, no. 215. For o<strong>the</strong>r examples, reference may be<br />
made to D. M. Robinson, Olynthus, X, p. 340, note 21.<br />
<strong>The</strong> general meaning <strong>of</strong> drepanon is 'sickle,' but <strong>the</strong> word was also used for<br />
<strong>the</strong> scy<strong>the</strong>s on <strong>the</strong> Persian chariots.38 According to Reinach,39 <strong>the</strong> shape and size<br />
varied, but <strong>the</strong> drepanon was distinguished from an ordinary knife by having a curved<br />
cutting surface. Reinach gives illustr<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> object.40 More recently, H. J. W.<br />
Tillyard has published a group <strong>of</strong> inscriptions from <strong>the</strong> Spartan Artemision in several<br />
<strong>of</strong> which a socket in <strong>the</strong> shape <strong>of</strong> a sickle was cut into <strong>the</strong> stone.41 Tillyard st<strong>at</strong>es th<strong>at</strong><br />
an iron drepanon was <strong>the</strong> prize for boys' contests and th<strong>at</strong> it was <strong>of</strong>fered to Artemis.42<br />
One <strong>of</strong> Tillyard's fragments (no. 17) is part <strong>of</strong> a metrical inscription <strong>of</strong> Roman<br />
d<strong>at</strong>e and <strong>the</strong> reference to drepanon is plain.<br />
<strong>The</strong> price <strong>of</strong> a drepanon is given by Aristophanes (Coulon's text) as five drachmas<br />
in time <strong>of</strong> peace.43<br />
6. OEpbLcavo-rLs (I, 97, 98). Kettle for boiling w<strong>at</strong>er, tongs. <strong>The</strong> word is defined<br />
by Liddell-Scott-Jones as ' tongs ' or ' kettle.' <strong>The</strong> l<strong>at</strong>ter definition comes from Pollux,<br />
X, 66. In listing <strong>the</strong> pots used for he<strong>at</strong>ing w<strong>at</strong>er, he gives OepLuavT'4p, OEplav-rpiq, and<br />
follows <strong>the</strong>se with xaXKwa OEeppLavrTpta and XE'/30rEs. Our word in Stele I immedi<strong>at</strong>ely<br />
follows <strong>the</strong> entry XaXKL'Ov OEplLavr 'ptov <strong>of</strong> line 96, which in turn is preceded by XE',/3 in<br />
lines 91-92. This position, <strong>the</strong>n, suggests th<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> meaning <strong>of</strong> our word is ' kettle.'<br />
See Amyx in " <strong>The</strong> Attic Stelai, Part III," to appear subsequently. Pollux gives <strong>the</strong><br />
form <strong>of</strong> our word as 8Epttavo-rpig. For <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> liquid, see Schwyzer, Gr. Gram.,<br />
I, p. 260.<br />
For ancient tongs used by metal workers, reference may be made in particular to<br />
Bliimner, Technologie, II, p. 193. For an illustr<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> iron tongs, see G. R. Davidson,<br />
Corinth, XII, no. 1444.<br />
37 See Buck, Dictionary, p. 507.<br />
38 Xenophon, Anab., I, 7, 10.<br />
39 Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire, s.v. Falx.<br />
40<br />
Cf. also Beazley in Caskey-Beazley, Attic Vase Paintings in Boston, Part II, London and<br />
Boston, 1954, p. 72.<br />
41<br />
B.S.A., XII, 1905-1906, pp. 351-393.<br />
42 Ibid., pp. 384-386.<br />
43 Pax, 1201. Cf. above, p. 288.
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