the attic stelai - The American School of Classical Studies at Athens
the attic stelai - The American School of Classical Studies at Athens the attic stelai - The American School of Classical Studies at Athens
THE ATTIC STELAI 287 Price per Date Thousand Reference DELOS 282 B.C. Plinthoi 65 dr.41 I.G., XI, 2, 158 A, line 58 Plinthoi 71 dr. 2Y2 ob.4' XI, 2, 158 A, lines 58-59 Plinthoi 77 dr. 4% ob.4' XI, 2, 158 A, line 60 ca. 280 Plinthoi 15 dr. XI, 2, 165 A, line 6 ca. 268 Plinthoi 50 dr. XI, 2, 204, line 71 ca. 250 Plinthoi (delivered and 63 dr. 2 ob. laid) XI, 2, 287 A, lines 99-101 For prices of brick in Rome, see Frank, Economic Survey, I, p. 165.42 estimates the price at one sesterce for about 70 bricks. Frank VIII. TOOLS. MISCELLANEOUS OUTDOOR ITEMS Of the items discussed in this section, the group to which the most study has been devoted in modern times comprises tools used in Greek sculpture. The entire second part of S. Casson's Technique of Early Greek Sculpture, Oxford, 1933, is given to a study of such tools from antiquity.' Reference has been made to Bliimel, Griechische Bildhauer an der Arbeit, fourth edition, 1953, to Bliimner, Technologie, and to various articles in Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire. Bliimner attempts to associate each tool with its ancient Greek name, and his work has been the most useful single publication. The articles in Daremberg-Saglio usually contain full illustrations. W. M. F. Petrie (Tools and Weapons, British School of Archeology in Egypt, London, 1917), while specifically referring to Egypt, has collected numerous comparisons from all other countries. For prices, the author has systematically consulted the various indexes of Economic Survey, vols. I-V. These volumes contain only one table for prices of tools, that from Egypt in the second and third centuries after Christ (vol. II, p. 471). Reference has also been made to entries for tools in the Edict of Diocletian (A.D. 301). The evidence for prices in Greek building inscriptions, inventories and financial accounts has never been completely collected, but the author has, whenever possible, reported parallels in Athenian and Delian records. On the whole, the picture obtained is that tools and weapons were not cheap. One bit of almost contemporary evidence about the price of tools comes from the Pax of Aristophanes, 421 B.C. The sicklemaker, after the conclusion of peace, describes his blessings as follows (1198-1206): 41 Computed from sales of 290, 70 and 60 plinthoi, respectively. 42 Cf. Economic Survey, V, p. 209. For prices of transporting and laying brick in Egypt, see A. C. Johnson in vol. II, p. 472. 1 Pp. 169-234. A much more abbreviated discussion, containing no reference to Greek words, may be found in G. M. A. Richter, The Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks, rev. ed., New Haven, 1950, pp. 143 ff.
288 W. KENDRICK PRITCHETT ov8ELt & piarp a lp&ravov E oV"8 KOXXv/,0V, VVVL ITE7V)qKOV7T 8PaXP8 V EpXTL@. 68 rpt8PaXI.Lov9 TOvN KaoovS ES rovg aypovs. XXw' Cc) TpvycJe rcv 8peIrTL'v TE Xcy43cwE Kac Ircv8' ' rt OV'XIEL ITpOLKa Kat ravri &*Ov. a+' Ta &opa Tayr 3 -A~ ayp a4rE8opzEOa KaKEp&,q7vaqEV o0-o cfepoEz0 1eVsoO ToVcya4ovs. During the war the craftsmen could not get the smallest coin (chalkous: 1/8 obol) in exchange for agricultural tools. After the peasants returned to their farms with the coming of peace, the sickle became worth 50 drachmas and the kados 3. This price of 50 drachmas is the one given in all manuscripts and is adopted by many editors.2 Apart from the metrical considerations of the quantity of the alpha in drachmon, it seems difficult to reconcile the 50 drachmas for the sickle with the 3 drachmas for the kados. The latter was a large jar often used for storage purposes, although smaller than the pithos.3 In I.G., XI, 2, 203, line 44, and 219, A, line 39, two kadoi were repaired for 2 and 1/' drachmas, respectively.4 The two prices in the passage in the Pax can more easily be reconciled by adopting the emendation of five drachmas for the sickle.5 The impression given in our stelai is that after the resumption of the Peloponnesian War tools were not cheap in wartime. This appears, for example, from the price of a hoe, or mattock (sminye) which was sold for 3 drachmas 2 obols.i This cannot have been far from the price in normal times. 1. ac/aXXf?ov (V, 8) . Band for binding sheaves. The word is defined in the lexicographers as o-Xolviov, Ev co T& agapaAaa 8EcPEvoV-L.8 Synonyms are given as ov)Xo- 8Erov and cOpo8ECr-o0. Previously, the earliest occurrence of our word was in Kallias, writer of old comedies.9 Photius states that the sheaf-band was made of straw, but our price (one drachma one obol) indicates that the material was expensive. Ropes were made out of esparto 2 Also Ehrenberg, People of Aristophanes2, p. 224, note 8. 3 Aristophanes, Eccl., 1004; Hesychius, s.v. 4 These may well have been of metal. 5 So Van Herwerden, Van Leeuwen, Sharpley, and Coulon in their texts of the play, following Elmsley and Meineke. 6 III, 12. 7 In our list, the aspirate was added. For other examples of the addition of the spiritus asper, particularly from the later part of the fifth century, see K. Meisterhans, Grammatik der attischen Inschriften,3 p. 85. 8 See Thesaurus Graecae Linguae, s.v. altutXXtov, and references there cited. 9Demianczuk, Supplementum Comicum, Krakov, 1912, p. 28: oT' A,uaAAX 4 ira-v wv e&8eGrv.
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288 W. KENDRICK PRITCHETT<br />
ov8ELt & piarp a lp&ravov E oV"8 KOXXv/,0V,<br />
VVVL<br />
ITE7V)qKOV7T 8PaXP8 V EpXTL@.<br />
68 rpt8PaXI.Lov9 TOvN KaoovS ES rovg aypovs.<br />
XXw' Cc) TpvycJe rcv 8peIrTL'v TE Xcy43cwE<br />
Kac Ircv8' ' rt OV'XIEL ITpOLKa K<strong>at</strong> ravri &*Ov.<br />
a+'<br />
Ta &opa Tayr<br />
3 -A~<br />
ayp a4rE8opzEOa KaKEp&,q7vaqEV<br />
o0-o cfepoEz0 1eVsoO ToVcya4ovs.<br />
During <strong>the</strong> war <strong>the</strong> craftsmen could not get <strong>the</strong> smallest coin (chalkous: 1/8 obol) in<br />
exchange for agricultural tools. After <strong>the</strong> peasants returned to <strong>the</strong>ir farms with <strong>the</strong><br />
coming <strong>of</strong> peace, <strong>the</strong> sickle became worth 50 drachmas and <strong>the</strong> kados 3. This price<br />
<strong>of</strong> 50 drachmas is <strong>the</strong> one given in all manuscripts and is adopted by many editors.2<br />
Apart from <strong>the</strong> metrical consider<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> quantity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> alpha in drachmon, it<br />
seems difficult to reconcile <strong>the</strong> 50 drachmas for <strong>the</strong> sickle with <strong>the</strong> 3 drachmas for <strong>the</strong><br />
kados. <strong>The</strong> l<strong>at</strong>ter was a large jar <strong>of</strong>ten used for storage purposes, although smaller<br />
than <strong>the</strong> pithos.3 In I.G., XI, 2, 203, line 44, and 219, A, line 39, two kadoi were<br />
repaired for 2 and 1/' drachmas, respectively.4 <strong>The</strong> two prices in <strong>the</strong> passage in <strong>the</strong><br />
Pax can more easily be reconciled by adopting <strong>the</strong> emend<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> five drachmas for<br />
<strong>the</strong> sickle.5<br />
<strong>The</strong> impression given in our <strong>stelai</strong> is th<strong>at</strong> after <strong>the</strong> resumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peloponnesian<br />
War tools were not cheap in wartime. This appears, for example, from <strong>the</strong><br />
price <strong>of</strong> a hoe, or m<strong>at</strong>tock (sminye) which was sold for 3 drachmas 2 obols.i This<br />
cannot have been far from <strong>the</strong> price in normal times.<br />
1. ac/aXXf?ov (V, 8) . Band for binding sheaves. <strong>The</strong> word is defined in <strong>the</strong><br />
lexicographers as o-Xolviov, Ev co T& agapaAaa 8EcPEvoV-L.8 Synonyms are given as ov)Xo-<br />
8Erov and cOpo8ECr-o0. Previously, <strong>the</strong> earliest occurrence <strong>of</strong> our word was in Kallias,<br />
writer <strong>of</strong> old comedies.9<br />
Photius st<strong>at</strong>es th<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> sheaf-band was made <strong>of</strong> straw, but our price (one drachma<br />
one obol) indic<strong>at</strong>es th<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> m<strong>at</strong>erial was expensive. Ropes were made out <strong>of</strong> esparto<br />
2<br />
Also Ehrenberg, People <strong>of</strong> Aristophanes2, p. 224, note 8.<br />
3 Aristophanes, Eccl., 1004; Hesychius, s.v.<br />
4 <strong>The</strong>se may well have been <strong>of</strong> metal.<br />
5 So Van Herwerden, Van Leeuwen, Sharpley, and Coulon in <strong>the</strong>ir texts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> play, following<br />
Elmsley and Meineke.<br />
6 III, 12.<br />
7 In our list, <strong>the</strong> aspir<strong>at</strong>e was added. For o<strong>the</strong>r examples <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> addition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> spiritus asper,<br />
particularly from <strong>the</strong> l<strong>at</strong>er part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fifth century, see K. Meisterhans, Gramm<strong>at</strong>ik der <strong>at</strong>tischen<br />
Inschriften,3 p. 85.<br />
8 See <strong>The</strong>saurus Graecae Linguae, s.v. altutXXtov, and references <strong>the</strong>re cited.<br />
9Demianczuk, Supplementum Comicum, Krakov, 1912, p. 28: oT' A,uaAAX 4 ira-v wv e&8eGrv.
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