Ottoman Algeria in Western Diplomatic History with ... - Bibliothèque

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Appendix 1 B. The Commandement obtained of the Grand Signior, by her Majestics Ambassadour, for the quiet passing of her Subjects to and from his Dominions, sent to the Viceroy of Argier (1584) To our Beg-ler-Beg of Argier. We certifie thee, by this our Commandement, that the Right Honourable William Hareborne, Ambassadour to the Queenes Majestie of England, hath signified unto Us, that the Shippes of that Country, at their comming and returning to and from our Empire, on the one Part of the Seas have the Spaniards, Florentines, Sicilians and Malteses, on the other Part our Countries committed to your Charge; which abovesayd Christians will not suffer their Egresse and Regresse into and out of our Dominions, but doe take and make the Men Captives, and forfeit the Ships and Goods, as the last Yeere the Malteses did one, which they tooke at Gerbi and to that Ende, doe continually lie in waight for them, to their Destruction; whereupon they are constrained to (stand to their Defense, at any such Times as they might meate with them. Wherefore considering by this Meanes they must (stand upon their Gard, when they shall see any Galley a farre off, whereby if meeting with any of your Gallies, and not knowing them, in their Defense they doe shoote at them, and yet after, when they doe certainly knowe them, doe not shoote any more, but require to passe peaceably on their Voyage, which you would denie, saying, “The Peace is broken, for that you have shotte at us” and so doe make Prise of them, contrarye to our Priviledges, and agaynst Reason: For the preventing of which Inconvenience, the sayd Ambassador hath required this our Commandement. We therefore command thee, that upon Sight hereof, thou doe not permit any such Matter, in no Sort whatsoever but suffer the said Englishmen to passe in Peace, according to the Tenor of our Commandement given, without any Disturbance, or Lett, by any Meanes, upon the Way, although that, meeting with thy Gallies, and not knowing them a farre off, they, taking them for Enemies, should shoote at them, yet shall you not suffer them to hurt them therefore, but quietly to passe. Wherefore looke thou, that they may have Right, according to our Priviledge given them; and finding any that absenteth himselfe, and will not obey this our Commandement, presently certifie Us to our Porch, that We may give Order for his Punishment: And with Reverence give faithful Credite to this our Commandement, which having read, thou shalt againe returne to them that present it. From our Pallace in Constantinople, the Prime of June 1584. Source: Morgan, Complete History of Algiers, vol. 2, pp. 584-5. 443
Appendix 2 A. Treaty between Great Britain and Algiers (1682) Articles of Peace and Commerce between the Most Serene and Mighty Prince Charles the Second, and the Most Illustrious Lords, the Bashaw, Dey, Aga, and Governors of the famous City and Kingdom of Algiers, in Barbary I. In the first place it is agreed and concluded, that from this day, and for ever forwards, there be a true, firm and inviolable peace between the most Serene King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Christian Faith, &c. and the most illustrious Lords, the Bashaw, Dey, Aga, and Governors of the City and Kingdom of Algiers and between all the Dominions and subjects of either side, and that the ships or other vessels, and the subjects and people of both sides, shall not henceforth do to each other any harm offence or injury, either in word or deed, but shall treat orke another with all possible respect and friendship. II. That any of the ships, or other vessels, belonging to the said King of Great Britain, or to any of His Majesty’s subjects, may safely come to the port of Algiers, or to any other port or place of that kingdom, there freely to buy and sell, paying the usual customs of ten per cent, as in the former times, for such goods as they sell ; and the goods they sell not, they shall freely carry on board without paying any duties for the same ; and that they shall freely depart from thence whensoever they please, without any stop or hindrance whatsoever. As to contraband merchandises, as powder, brimstone, iron, planks, and all sorts of timber fit for building of ships, ropes, pitch, tar, fusils, and other habiliments of war, His said Majesty’s subjects shall pay no duty for the same to those of Algiers. III. That all ships, and other vessels, as well those belonging to the said King of Great Britain, or to any of His Majesty’s subjects, as those belonging to the Kingdom or people of Algiers, shall freely pass the seas, and traffic without any search, hindrance or molestation from each other ; and that all persons or passengers, of what country soever, and all monies, goods, merchandises and moveables, to whatsoever people or nation belonging, being on board of any of the said ships or vessels, shall be wholly free, and shall not be stopped, taken or plundered, nor receive any harm or damage whatsoever from either party. IV. That the Algier ships of war, or other vessels, meeting with any merchants’ ships, or other vessels, of His said Majesty’s subjects, not being in any of the seas appertaining to His Majesty’s dominions, may send on board one single boat, with two sitters only, besides the ordinary crew of rowers, and 444
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REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I wo
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASP/FA Americ
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Dedicatio
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Part Two Algiers in early American
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CHAPTER VIII The Advent of Gunboat
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corsairing from within the context
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situated in the United States or Eu
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At a time the clash between Islam a
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may interrupt the flow of reading,
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elations with the United States cou
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Finally, other series cover miscell
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the same way the Mediterranean syst
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Part One Algiers in European Diplom
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States in the 1770s down to the con
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the Ottoman Empire. Then, he set ou
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Mamalik Sultans, the Crusaders were
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Maghrib, corresponding to nowadays
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with the aim of imposing vassalage
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1. 3. The Spaniards in North Africa
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western writers emphatically invoke
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fighting for Christian faith agains
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1. 3. 2. Crusades in North Africa T
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In 1541, Charles V headed an Armada
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Spanish Expeditions against Algiers
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2. 1. The Coming of the Turks The f
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Penon. The failure of the cannonade
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Mediterranean against the Habsburg
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Once in control of the land, Khayre
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part of the Ottoman fleet. While th
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In addition to Turks, the crews inc
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the Battle of Djerba (1560), the si
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One finds himself here far from the
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counted 70 vessels. One hundred yea
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Netherlands or via Jew brokers at L
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Murad Rais, pushed corsairing out o
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Spanish mobilized Christendom and l
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Barbary Coast. 2 Alleging piracy an
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chasing vessels on the high sea; wh
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Faced with such aggressiveness, Alg
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established perceptions, goes furth
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(barba’rei or ‏(بربري exis
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meaning a person speaking beneath h
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Christian corsairs. Hence, accordin
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asis for a variety of programs and
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freedom of navigation. Slavery was
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however, the pace of capture and en
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slaves. 71 However, in the absence
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2. The Legal Context of Corsairing
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confronts when looking into diploma
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corsairing. 79 Therefore, it is obv
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shipping, they operated like pirate
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“commission of war from some fore
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may be seen as “a cost-efficient
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shores of the Mediterranean, the wo
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This confusion in legal interpretat
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fanatics who had already sworn enmi
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treaties. 130 Not recognizing Algie
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harm” or nothing more than a “p
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were sometimes harsh—and in that
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these treaties survived for more th
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Other developments affected Algiers
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Ireland, for example, became within
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privileges, was going to recur to t
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at Algiers. Later, the government a
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utter. For this reason, visits of A
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council of prizes, were sold by auc
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elations between Algiers and wester
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2. 1. Sovereignty The nature of the
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destruction of the Algerian fleet w
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compensation for the occupation of
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small in numbers to settle conquere
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the return of Algerian captives ens
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Christians’ enslavement at a time
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1624. 78 Third, it tells also that
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Table 4: Treaties of Peace and Comm
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Table 5: European Naval Expeditions
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3. Decline of Corsairing Diplomacy
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privateering, was not officially ab
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precisely the best landing place fo
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The renegades largely contributed t
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At about the same period, i.e.: beg
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Europe and Algiers. 112 More, as ne
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principles of free access to ports
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Part Two Algiers in early American
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y religious antagonism and struggle
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also did it with the view of making
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Furthermore, the expulsion of tradi
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legally, they did not hesitate to c
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the Sublime Porte opened the gate w
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1622. England’s relations with Al
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adventurers who were roaming in the
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“would, it is more than probable,
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was taken by the utmost seriousness
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“could still seek their fortunes
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But Owing to hostilities triggered
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“jingoistic and melioristic” Am
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Worst, at a time Algerian corsairs
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American commissioner who throughou
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void because they emanated from a n
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is shown here by Franklin’s gratu
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Algiers particularly as a “pettif
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independence, the Continental Congr
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Franklin, John Dickenson, Thomas Je
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his letter book more than did the D
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Congress (Art. 2). More, the delega
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ulers of Algiers to doubt American
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Conclusion The Ocean fashioned the
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CHAPTER V American Commercial Diplo
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the Americans, the Europeans were k
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diplomacy’. Barbary, then, became
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trade against the North African sta
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and neutrality of shipping—contin
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Once on the field, Franklin wrote c
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markets and consequently economic p
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American diplomatic relations becau
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further French intervention on thei
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earlier sniveling fears and accusat
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Dutch side what had already been de
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the part of that state or its subje
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If the British government suffered
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esources, and so contemptible, that
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of the existing ‘balance of power
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encouraged the piratical states to
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Britain and France and makes them r
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Then, it was only when the American
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every ten years according to custom
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according to which the draft treati
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American agents, however, without i
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American vessels, Britain hoped to
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Passports seemed not to bother the
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Algiers, and for other reasons, was
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was instructed to redeem cheap on t
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supreme admiral of the Algerian nav
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proper in a matter of bargain.” 3
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edemption, and promise of Lamb to
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leave favorable impressions at Algi
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the states warning against travel t
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d’Affaires Guillaume Otto to writ
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2. Anti-Algerian Attitudes in early
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American turned up at his court he
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His unguarded expressions, his hint
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Lamb’s first option was not heele
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extermination of that “race of se
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But, he carried on, “when they ta
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Finally, comparing the total cost o
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conclusion of a peace treaty with A
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New Diplomacy, combining self-cente
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Dey. That was noted by the American
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if there is a probability of a war,
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prepare to support such of the frig
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“union of force” open to Europe
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ecomes even more amazing when in th
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given American predilection for agg
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Meanwhile at Algiers, Dey Muhammed
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edemption of the remaining captives
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the Swedish consul at Algiers and r
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O’Brien letter supported the Swed
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1. 2. 1. Algiers Relations with Eur
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Portugal with Algiers, Britain migh
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Affairs, with respect to the truce.
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personally written to him.” 47 Th
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1796. 55 Meanwhile, Humphreys instr
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presents on the arrival of an Ambas
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ut diplomatically they were conside
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Treaty of Peace and Commerce with A
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passport issued by the United State
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known as the Naval Act of 1794, whi
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the mouth of hell, if the Devil was
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April 3, the Dey announced that, as
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that money for redeeming American p
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called a ‘string of lies.’ Many
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Table 7: Estimated Cost of the Trea
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concluded rapidly. The treaty grant
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the source of much dissatisfaction
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egency, or from the misconduct of o
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specifying that the United States h
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Eaton’s vehemence rose even more
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But the events that unfolded at its
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As annual payments in naval materia
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I explained to you, sir, that it wa
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2. Algiers-United States Diplomatic
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Madison, his Secretary of State, ag
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Lear would be able to prevail on th
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dated August 1810. 73 Despite that,
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treaty was sacred and that was agre
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those very weaknesses. 88 Consequen
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the war with France had just ended,
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justified by a belief in the moral
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On June 28, the squadron arrived at
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the Estedio. 118 In early April 181
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Monroe had played a prominent role
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armada and that of 1784 met the sam
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dated April 10, 1815. 138 The commi
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the United States “must hold the
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For sure, there were a number of al
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demonstration of American skill and
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Conclusion Although Algiers and the
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Table 10: The United States and Alg
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Timeline, 1776-1816 (continued) 180
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The conservative observers, however
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Appraisal of the long history of Al
Page 405 and 406: corsairing and its related activiti
Page 407 and 408: statutes and treaties. In this capa
Page 409 and 410: distinction between corsairing and
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Page 417 and 418: use of gunboat diplomacy resulted i
Page 419 and 420: BIBLIOGRAPHY I. Primary Sources 1.
Page 421 and 422: 2. Unofficial Printed Collections A
Page 423 and 424: 3. Autobiographies, Memoirs, Journa
Page 425 and 426: Holbrook, Samuel F. Threescore Year
Page 427 and 428: Cordingly, David ed. Pirates: Terro
Page 429 and 430: Lambert, Frank. The Barbary Wars: A
Page 431 and 432: Suppression of White Christian Slav
Page 433 and 434: Guilmartin, John F. Jr., “The Tac
Page 435 and 436: _____. “The United States and the
Page 437 and 438: _____. “El Cid: Moslems and Chris
Page 439 and 440: Hale, William H. “‘General’
Page 441 and 442: MacLeod, Julia H. “Jefferson and
Page 443 and 444: Rose, Susan. “Islam versus Christ
Page 445 and 446: Weiss, Gillian. “Imagining Europe
Page 447 and 448: _____. “George Washington, Thomas
Page 449 and 450: Finnemore, John. Barbary Rovers, 19
Page 451 and 452: Pipes, Daniel. “In 1796 US Vowed
Page 453 and 454: Maynadies, Michel. Bibliographie Al
Page 455: intreated and grievously vexed, We
Page 459 and 460: other of His Majesty’s roads, hav
Page 461 and 462: Appendix 3 Plan of a Treaty with Fr
Page 463 and 464: not assist Great Britain in such wa
Page 465 and 466: Appendix 5 Adams-Jefferson Exchange
Page 467 and 468: those people is ineffectual, I urge
Page 469 and 470: consequently at the mercy of foreig
Page 471 and 472: and because all those powers are re
Page 473 and 474: Appendix 8 Hassan Dey of Algiers to
Page 475 and 476: Appendix 9 Treaty of Peace and Amit
Page 477 and 478: having a Regular pass-port Specifyi
Page 479 and 480: Appendix 10 A. Dey Hassan to George
Page 481 and 482: Appendix 11 Mediterranean Passport
Page 483 and 484: Silsbee, of that place, while on a
Page 485 and 486: In coming before the town it is usu
Page 487 and 488: Appendix 14 Treaty of Peace and Ami
Page 489 and 490: furnished at the market price, and
Page 491 and 492: of the United States, and the citiz
Page 493 and 494: said Admiral, your servant, all tha
Page 495 and 496: amicable sentiments towards the Uni
Page 497 and 498: understanding between them and the
Page 499 and 500: était d’aussi bonne prise que le
Page 501 and 502: GLOSSARY Agha Al-Jizya Armada Beyle
Page 503 and 504: Parias Pasha Peñón Presidio Qaid
Page 506:
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