Ottoman Algeria in Western Diplomatic History with ... - Bibliothèque

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Holmes, James. “Why doesn’t America have a Nelson? Does It Need One?” Naval War College Review, Autumn, 2005. (Accessed 27 May 2007). Huber, Marisa. “Holy Wars and Piratical Governments: Barbary Corsairs (With a Comparative Look at Maltese Corsairs)”, 2004. (Accessed 18 May 2008). http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Course_Pages/legal_systems_ very_different_08/final_papers_06/barbary_corsairs.html Idriss Jazairy, “Barbary Privateers.” New York Times, March 23, 2003, p. 12. Jenkins, Philip. “Islam in America.” Foreign Policy Research Institute Watch on the West, 4: 4 (2003). (Accessed 12 April 2008). http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/p/jpj1/amislam.htm Jewett, Thomas. “Terrorism in Early America: The U.S. Wages War against the Barbary States to End International Blackmail and Terrorism.” Early America Review 4, no. 1, (Winter-Spring 2002), pp. 1-8. (Accessed 18 May 2007). http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2002_winter_spring/terrorism.htm Leiby, Richard. “Terrorists by another Name: The Barbary Pirates.” Washington Post, 15 October 2001, p. C01. (Accessed 18 May 2007). London, Joshua E. “America’s Earliest Terrorists: Lessons from America’s first War against Islamic Terror.” 2005. (Accessed 18 May 2007). http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/london.asp Matthews, Stuart. “Cortés and Aztec Gold: Initial Conflict and Modern Political Ecology.” ICE Case Studies, Number 174, March 2006. (Accessed 1 June 2008). http://www.american.edu/ted/ice/aztec.htm Myles, Anne G. “Slaves in Algiers, Captives in Iraq: The Strange Career of the Barbary Captivity Narrative.” www.common-place.org, vol. 5 no. 1, October, 2004. (Accessed 18 April 2007). http://www.common-place.org/vol-05/no-01/myles/index.shtml Nied, André. “Y’a t’il une Pensée Navale Arabe?” 2005. (Accessed 22 March 2008). http://www.stratisc.org/pn5_niedpnarab.html#Note1 Oren, Michael B. “The Middle East and the Making of the United States, 1776 to 1815.” 2005. (Accessed 12 September 2008). http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/05/11/michaelOren.html Panzac, Daniel. “Les esclaves et leurs rançons chez les barbaresques (fin XVIII e - début XIX e siècle).” Cahiers de la Méditerranée, vol. 65, l’esclavage en Méditerranée à l’époque moderne, 2002. (Accessed 6 March 2008). http://www.cdlm.revues.org/document47.html 437
Pipes, Daniel. “In 1796 US Vowed Friendliness with Islam.” New York Sun, 7 November 2006. http://www.danielpipes.org/article/4099 Quadir, Iqbal F. “When Barbarossa Brothers Ruled the Mediterranean.” Defence Journal, Feb. 2001. (Accessed 4 June 2008). http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/feb/barbarossa.htm Saint-Vincent, Xavier Labat. “Achats et rachats d’esclaves musulmans par les consuls de France en méditerranée au XVIIIe siècle.” Cahiers de la Méditerranée, vol. 65, l’esclavage en Méditerranée à l’époque moderne, 2002. (Accessed 22 mars 2008). http://www.cdlm.revues.org/document44.html Sampley, Ted. “What Thomas Jefferson Learned from the Muslim Book of Jihad,” 2007. U.S. Veteran Dispatch. (Accessed 12 April 2008). http://www.usvetdsp.com/jan07/jeff_quran.htm Smith, Bradley E. “America’s First Response to Terrorism: Barbary Pirates and the Tripolitan War of 1801.” Military Review, Nov.-Dec., 2005, pp. 67-69. (Accessed 14 June 2007). http://www.accessmylibrary.com/ Sommers, William. “Meet Joel Barlow in Poland.” American Diplomacy, 10 April 2007. (Accessed 12 January 2008). http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/sommers_barlow.html Thoma, Mark. “The 11 th Article of the Treaty of Tripoli.” 18 Feb. 2006. (Accessed 12 May 2008). http://www.economistsview.typepad.com/view/2006/02/the_11th_articl.html Tuchscherer, Michel. “Daniel Panzac.” Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, 95-96-97-98 - Débats intellectuels au Moyen-Orient dans l’entre-deux-guerres. (Accessed 6 March 2008). http:www.remmm.revues.org/document2463.html Tucker, Spencer C. “Barbary Wars.” Undated. (Accessed 6 March 2008). http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/Ar-Bi/Barbary-Wars.html Unknown, “The United States Creation Myth.” (Accessed 12 April 2008). http://www.aloha.com/~craven/voliich2.html Unknown, “Who Are We? The Cost of Historical Amnesia.” 2006. (Accessed 14 June 2007). http://www.brusselsjournal.com/node/1409 Unknown. “The United States at War with the Barbary States.” 2003. (Accessed 14 June 2007). http://www.whisperinghope.net/usawwt_ba1.htm 438
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REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I wo
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASP/FA Americ
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Dedicatio
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Part Two Algiers in early American
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CHAPTER VIII The Advent of Gunboat
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corsairing from within the context
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situated in the United States or Eu
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At a time the clash between Islam a
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may interrupt the flow of reading,
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elations with the United States cou
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Finally, other series cover miscell
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the same way the Mediterranean syst
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Part One Algiers in European Diplom
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States in the 1770s down to the con
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the Ottoman Empire. Then, he set ou
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Mamalik Sultans, the Crusaders were
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Maghrib, corresponding to nowadays
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with the aim of imposing vassalage
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1. 3. The Spaniards in North Africa
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western writers emphatically invoke
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fighting for Christian faith agains
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1. 3. 2. Crusades in North Africa T
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In 1541, Charles V headed an Armada
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Spanish Expeditions against Algiers
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2. 1. The Coming of the Turks The f
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Penon. The failure of the cannonade
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Mediterranean against the Habsburg
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Once in control of the land, Khayre
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part of the Ottoman fleet. While th
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In addition to Turks, the crews inc
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the Battle of Djerba (1560), the si
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One finds himself here far from the
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counted 70 vessels. One hundred yea
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Netherlands or via Jew brokers at L
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Murad Rais, pushed corsairing out o
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Spanish mobilized Christendom and l
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Barbary Coast. 2 Alleging piracy an
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chasing vessels on the high sea; wh
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Faced with such aggressiveness, Alg
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established perceptions, goes furth
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(barba’rei or ‏(بربري exis
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meaning a person speaking beneath h
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Christian corsairs. Hence, accordin
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asis for a variety of programs and
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freedom of navigation. Slavery was
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however, the pace of capture and en
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slaves. 71 However, in the absence
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2. The Legal Context of Corsairing
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confronts when looking into diploma
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corsairing. 79 Therefore, it is obv
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shipping, they operated like pirate
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“commission of war from some fore
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may be seen as “a cost-efficient
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shores of the Mediterranean, the wo
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This confusion in legal interpretat
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fanatics who had already sworn enmi
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treaties. 130 Not recognizing Algie
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harm” or nothing more than a “p
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were sometimes harsh—and in that
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these treaties survived for more th
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Other developments affected Algiers
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Ireland, for example, became within
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privileges, was going to recur to t
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at Algiers. Later, the government a
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utter. For this reason, visits of A
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council of prizes, were sold by auc
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elations between Algiers and wester
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2. 1. Sovereignty The nature of the
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destruction of the Algerian fleet w
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compensation for the occupation of
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small in numbers to settle conquere
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the return of Algerian captives ens
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Christians’ enslavement at a time
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1624. 78 Third, it tells also that
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Table 4: Treaties of Peace and Comm
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Table 5: European Naval Expeditions
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3. Decline of Corsairing Diplomacy
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privateering, was not officially ab
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precisely the best landing place fo
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The renegades largely contributed t
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At about the same period, i.e.: beg
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Europe and Algiers. 112 More, as ne
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principles of free access to ports
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Part Two Algiers in early American
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y religious antagonism and struggle
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also did it with the view of making
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Furthermore, the expulsion of tradi
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legally, they did not hesitate to c
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the Sublime Porte opened the gate w
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1622. England’s relations with Al
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adventurers who were roaming in the
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“would, it is more than probable,
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was taken by the utmost seriousness
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“could still seek their fortunes
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But Owing to hostilities triggered
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“jingoistic and melioristic” Am
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Worst, at a time Algerian corsairs
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American commissioner who throughou
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void because they emanated from a n
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is shown here by Franklin’s gratu
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Algiers particularly as a “pettif
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independence, the Continental Congr
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Franklin, John Dickenson, Thomas Je
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his letter book more than did the D
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Congress (Art. 2). More, the delega
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ulers of Algiers to doubt American
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Conclusion The Ocean fashioned the
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CHAPTER V American Commercial Diplo
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the Americans, the Europeans were k
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diplomacy’. Barbary, then, became
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trade against the North African sta
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and neutrality of shipping—contin
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Once on the field, Franklin wrote c
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markets and consequently economic p
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American diplomatic relations becau
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further French intervention on thei
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earlier sniveling fears and accusat
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Dutch side what had already been de
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the part of that state or its subje
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If the British government suffered
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esources, and so contemptible, that
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of the existing ‘balance of power
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encouraged the piratical states to
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Britain and France and makes them r
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Then, it was only when the American
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every ten years according to custom
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according to which the draft treati
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American agents, however, without i
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American vessels, Britain hoped to
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Passports seemed not to bother the
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Algiers, and for other reasons, was
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was instructed to redeem cheap on t
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supreme admiral of the Algerian nav
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proper in a matter of bargain.” 3
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edemption, and promise of Lamb to
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leave favorable impressions at Algi
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the states warning against travel t
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d’Affaires Guillaume Otto to writ
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2. Anti-Algerian Attitudes in early
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American turned up at his court he
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His unguarded expressions, his hint
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Lamb’s first option was not heele
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extermination of that “race of se
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But, he carried on, “when they ta
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Finally, comparing the total cost o
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conclusion of a peace treaty with A
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New Diplomacy, combining self-cente
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Dey. That was noted by the American
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if there is a probability of a war,
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prepare to support such of the frig
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“union of force” open to Europe
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ecomes even more amazing when in th
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given American predilection for agg
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Meanwhile at Algiers, Dey Muhammed
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edemption of the remaining captives
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the Swedish consul at Algiers and r
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O’Brien letter supported the Swed
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1. 2. 1. Algiers Relations with Eur
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Portugal with Algiers, Britain migh
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Affairs, with respect to the truce.
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personally written to him.” 47 Th
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1796. 55 Meanwhile, Humphreys instr
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presents on the arrival of an Ambas
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ut diplomatically they were conside
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Treaty of Peace and Commerce with A
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passport issued by the United State
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known as the Naval Act of 1794, whi
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the mouth of hell, if the Devil was
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April 3, the Dey announced that, as
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that money for redeeming American p
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called a ‘string of lies.’ Many
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Table 7: Estimated Cost of the Trea
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concluded rapidly. The treaty grant
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the source of much dissatisfaction
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egency, or from the misconduct of o
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specifying that the United States h
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Eaton’s vehemence rose even more
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But the events that unfolded at its
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As annual payments in naval materia
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I explained to you, sir, that it wa
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2. Algiers-United States Diplomatic
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Madison, his Secretary of State, ag
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Lear would be able to prevail on th
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dated August 1810. 73 Despite that,
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treaty was sacred and that was agre
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those very weaknesses. 88 Consequen
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the war with France had just ended,
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justified by a belief in the moral
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On June 28, the squadron arrived at
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the Estedio. 118 In early April 181
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Monroe had played a prominent role
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armada and that of 1784 met the sam
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dated April 10, 1815. 138 The commi
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the United States “must hold the
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For sure, there were a number of al
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demonstration of American skill and
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Conclusion Although Algiers and the
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Table 10: The United States and Alg
Page 399 and 400: Timeline, 1776-1816 (continued) 180
Page 401 and 402: The conservative observers, however
Page 403 and 404: Appraisal of the long history of Al
Page 405 and 406: corsairing and its related activiti
Page 407 and 408: statutes and treaties. In this capa
Page 409 and 410: distinction between corsairing and
Page 411 and 412: altered the geopolitical concerns o
Page 413 and 414: and for over than two hundred years
Page 415 and 416: the weak finances of the Confederat
Page 417 and 418: use of gunboat diplomacy resulted i
Page 419 and 420: BIBLIOGRAPHY I. Primary Sources 1.
Page 421 and 422: 2. Unofficial Printed Collections A
Page 423 and 424: 3. Autobiographies, Memoirs, Journa
Page 425 and 426: Holbrook, Samuel F. Threescore Year
Page 427 and 428: Cordingly, David ed. Pirates: Terro
Page 429 and 430: Lambert, Frank. The Barbary Wars: A
Page 431 and 432: Suppression of White Christian Slav
Page 433 and 434: Guilmartin, John F. Jr., “The Tac
Page 435 and 436: _____. “The United States and the
Page 437 and 438: _____. “El Cid: Moslems and Chris
Page 439 and 440: Hale, William H. “‘General’
Page 441 and 442: MacLeod, Julia H. “Jefferson and
Page 443 and 444: Rose, Susan. “Islam versus Christ
Page 445 and 446: Weiss, Gillian. “Imagining Europe
Page 447 and 448: _____. “George Washington, Thomas
Page 449: Finnemore, John. Barbary Rovers, 19
Page 453 and 454: Maynadies, Michel. Bibliographie Al
Page 455 and 456: intreated and grievously vexed, We
Page 457 and 458: Appendix 2 A. Treaty between Great
Page 459 and 460: other of His Majesty’s roads, hav
Page 461 and 462: Appendix 3 Plan of a Treaty with Fr
Page 463 and 464: not assist Great Britain in such wa
Page 465 and 466: Appendix 5 Adams-Jefferson Exchange
Page 467 and 468: those people is ineffectual, I urge
Page 469 and 470: consequently at the mercy of foreig
Page 471 and 472: and because all those powers are re
Page 473 and 474: Appendix 8 Hassan Dey of Algiers to
Page 475 and 476: Appendix 9 Treaty of Peace and Amit
Page 477 and 478: having a Regular pass-port Specifyi
Page 479 and 480: Appendix 10 A. Dey Hassan to George
Page 481 and 482: Appendix 11 Mediterranean Passport
Page 483 and 484: Silsbee, of that place, while on a
Page 485 and 486: In coming before the town it is usu
Page 487 and 488: Appendix 14 Treaty of Peace and Ami
Page 489 and 490: furnished at the market price, and
Page 491 and 492: of the United States, and the citiz
Page 493 and 494: said Admiral, your servant, all tha
Page 495 and 496: amicable sentiments towards the Uni
Page 497 and 498: understanding between them and the
Page 499 and 500: était d’aussi bonne prise que le
Page 501 and 502:
GLOSSARY Agha Al-Jizya Armada Beyle
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Parias Pasha Peñón Presidio Qaid
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ABSTRACT Recent western writings de
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