Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 -2 T G -7 y = - 0.499 (% D) R 2 = 0.98 = - 0.264 (% G) R 2 = 0.98 = - 0.180 (% T) R 2 = 0.98 D -12 Figure 2.22. Changes in overall recovery due to dry trash (D), green leaves (G) and cane tops (T). 2.1.7 Conclusions The different effects of various kinds of extraneous matter, notably dry trash, green leaves and cane tops, have been clearly demonstrated in the experiment. Among the most important findings are: • Extraneous matter, whatever its nature, serves as a diluent in direct analyses such as pol % cane. • Dry trash has by far a more adverse effect than green leaves or tops on juice extraction, sugar recovery, boiling house recovery and overall recovery. One unit of dry trash increases fibre % cane, mass of bagasse % cane and sucrose loss in bagasse % cane and in molasses % cane by 0.57, 1.17, 0.030 and 0.011 units respectively, and decreases juice extraction and sugar recovery by 0.22 and 0.23 units, respectively. • The detrimental effect of green leaves is intermediate between those of dry trash and cane tops. • Cane tops do not seem to affect fibre % cane, the mass of bagasse % cane and juice extraction. One unit of cane tops increases the non-sucrose level in mixed juice, which increases the mass of molasses at 85° Brix produced % cane by 0.041 unit, 51
esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss in molasses % cane, a much higher loss than that produced by the same amount of dry trash. The economic implication of the presence of extraneous matter in cane should be of great concern to both cane growers and millers, as besides a reduction in processing efficiency and in income, the following additional expenses should be considered: cost of harvest and transport of the extraneous matter, the increased cost of maintenance of the factory equipment, investment in new equipment to cope with the trash, soil and rocks, and the cost of lengthening of the crushing season. 52
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THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
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dissolved and hydrated waters, and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
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Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
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Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
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Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
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4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
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4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
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LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
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Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
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Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
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total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
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Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
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Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
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Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
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Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
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Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
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Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
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Sorption is the generic term used w
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LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
Page 47 and 48: s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
Page 49 and 50: number of 255, and cane land covere
Page 51 and 52: Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
Page 55 and 56: In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
Page 57 and 58: are: cane tops, dry and green leave
Page 59 and 60: 1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
Page 61 and 62: campaign was launched to encourage
Page 63 and 64: The level of extraneous matter in c
Page 65 and 66: In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
Page 67 and 68: The effect of soil on factory perfo
Page 69 and 70: leaves increased the level of impur
Page 71 and 72: • From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
Page 73 and 74: Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
Page 75 and 76: CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
Page 77 and 78: Since the extrapolated purity of mo
Page 79 and 80: Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
Page 81 and 82: 2.1.4 Results The analytical result
Page 83 and 84: Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
Page 85 and 86: Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
Page 87 and 88: Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
Page 89 and 90: Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
Page 91 and 92: 0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
Page 93 and 94: % EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
Page 95 and 96: 1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
Page 97: % EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
Page 101 and 102: 2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
Page 103 and 104: filter paper, rejecting the first f
Page 105 and 106: Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
Page 107 and 108: Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
Page 109 and 110: Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
Page 111 and 112: various components such as stalk fi
Page 113 and 114: in the presence of dry leaves, if c
Page 115 and 116: Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
Page 119 and 120: Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
Page 121 and 122: Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
Page 123 and 124: R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
Page 125 and 126: loosen the fibre. The woody core is
Page 127 and 128: agitate the mixture in the pot, and
Page 129 and 130: Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
Page 131 and 132: The extraction of fibres starting f
Page 133 and 134: pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
Page 135 and 136: Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
Page 137 and 138: not have many dry leaves attached t
Page 139 and 140: Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
Page 141 and 142: Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
Page 145 and 146: 3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
Page 147 and 148: Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
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3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
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Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
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Snow (1974) investigated the season
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from Figure 2.9 that the change in
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Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
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110
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(a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
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dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
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Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
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solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
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leave some residual moisture on the
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instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
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Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
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Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
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Table 4.4. Results of the determina
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In order to test for homogeneity of
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Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
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The experiment was repeated with th
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e any residual moisture in the samp
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By means of the same technique, Won
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was still hot. Since the filter was
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value determined could be corrected
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Qin and White’s finding was confi
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A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
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Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
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- One large fibre sample (rind) of
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Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
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Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
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4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
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Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
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pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
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The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
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4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
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The main difference in the two sets
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Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
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4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
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component parts, and verify the Bri
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3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
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Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
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to determine the moisture sorption
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Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
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Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
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and on agricultural products such a
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Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
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After measuring the EMC of dry corn
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approached, that is, either by adso
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Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
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5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
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5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
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Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
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Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
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Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
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30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
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m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
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vaporisation generally decreases fr
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30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
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4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
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5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
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Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
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Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
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Table 5.28. Classification of resid
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Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
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5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
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Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
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m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
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Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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where m is the equilibrium moisture
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6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
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6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
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Thus, for each cane component of ea
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abscissa. For each moisture level (
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A similar procedure was followed to
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10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
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Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
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Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
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Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
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6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
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The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
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Table 6.7. Separation of the total
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Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
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3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
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3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
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when water is added to dry wood, wh
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It is evident that in some cases ma
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The number of adsorbed monolayers,
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Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
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particular fibre is systematically
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Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
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Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
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Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
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Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
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Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
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Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
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Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
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Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
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Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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