Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES GLOSSARY OF TERMS ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS (xv) (xxi) (xxviii) (xxxiii) (xxxiv) CHAPTER 1. EXTRANEOUS MATTER IN CANE 1 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE MAURITIAN SUGAR INDUSTRY 1 1.2 RAW SUGAR MANUFACTURING PROCESS IN MAURITIUS 4 1.2.1 Cane harvest 4 1.2.2 Cane reception 5 1.2.3 Juice extraction 6 1.2.4 Clarification and filtration 6 1.2.5 Evaporation 8 1.2.6 Crystallization 8 1.2.7 Centrifugation 9 1.3 MEASURE OF CANE QUALITY 9 1.3.1 Direct measure of extraneous matter in cane 10 1.3.2 Other cane quality yardsticks 11 1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED AT SUGAR MILLS 12 1.4.1 Trends in Mauritian cane quality 12 1.4.1.1 Fibre % cane 13 1.4.1.2 Sucrose % cane 14 1.4.1.3 Sucrose/fibre ratio in cane 14 1.4.1.4 Mixed juice purity 14 1.4.2 Cane quality trends in other sugar-producing countries 15
Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF EXTRANEOUS MATTER 18 ON CANE PROCESSING 1.5.1 Effects of soil on cane processing 18 1.5.2 Effects of tops and trash on cane processing 20 1.5.3 Effects of cane quality on cane processing in Mauritius 22 1.5.3.1 Mill extraction 23 1.5.3.2 Sucrose lost in filter cake % sucrose in cane 25 1.5.3.3 Clerget purity of molasses and mass of molasses 25 at 85° Brix % cane 1.5.3.4 Sugar quality 27 1.6 OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY 27 CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MATTER ON CANE 28 JUICE QUALITY AND MILLING PERFORMANCE, AND THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FREE WATER IN DRY LEAF 2.1 EFFECT OF EXTRANEOUS MATTER ON CANE JUICE QUALITY 28 AND MILLING PERFORMANCE 2.1.1 Materials 30 2.1.1.1 Mercuric iodide juice preservative 30 2.1.2 Equipment 31 2.1.3 Methodology 33 2.1.4 Results 34 2.1.5 Validity of the assumption made in the experimentation 40 2.1.6 Impact of extraneous matter on milling performance 42 2.1.6.1 Cane quality 42 2.1.6.2 Bagasse quality 43 2.1.6.3 Mixed juice quality 44 2.1.6.4 Molasses quality 46 (vii)
Page 1 and 2: THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
Page 3 and 4: dissolved and hydrated waters, and
Page 5: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
Page 9 and 10: Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
Page 11 and 12: Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
Page 13 and 14: 4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
Page 15 and 16: 4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
Page 19 and 20: APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
Page 21 and 22: LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
Page 23 and 24: Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
Page 25 and 26: Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
Page 27 and 28: total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
Page 29 and 30: Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
Page 31 and 32: Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
Page 33 and 34: Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
Page 35 and 36: Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
Page 37 and 38: Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
Page 39 and 40: GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
Page 41 and 42: Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
Page 43 and 44: Sorption is the generic term used w
Page 45 and 46: LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
Page 47 and 48: s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
Page 49 and 50: number of 255, and cane land covere
Page 51 and 52: Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
Page 55 and 56: In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
Page 57 and 58:
are: cane tops, dry and green leave
Page 59 and 60:
1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
Page 61 and 62:
campaign was launched to encourage
Page 63 and 64:
The level of extraneous matter in c
Page 65 and 66:
In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
Page 67 and 68:
The effect of soil on factory perfo
Page 69 and 70:
leaves increased the level of impur
Page 71 and 72:
• From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
Page 73 and 74:
Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
Page 75 and 76:
CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
Page 77 and 78:
Since the extrapolated purity of mo
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
Page 81 and 82:
2.1.4 Results The analytical result
Page 83 and 84:
Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
Page 85 and 86:
Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
Page 87 and 88:
Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
Page 89 and 90:
Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
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0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
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1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
Page 99 and 100:
esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
Page 101 and 102:
2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
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filter paper, rejecting the first f
Page 105 and 106:
Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
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Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
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Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
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various components such as stalk fi
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in the presence of dry leaves, if c
Page 115 and 116:
Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
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CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
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Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
Page 121 and 122:
Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
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R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
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loosen the fibre. The woody core is
Page 127 and 128:
agitate the mixture in the pot, and
Page 129 and 130:
Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
Page 131 and 132:
The extraction of fibres starting f
Page 133 and 134:
pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
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Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
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not have many dry leaves attached t
Page 139 and 140:
Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
Page 141 and 142:
Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
Page 143 and 144:
Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
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3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
Page 147 and 148:
Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
Page 149 and 150:
3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
Page 151 and 152:
Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
Page 153 and 154:
Snow (1974) investigated the season
Page 155 and 156:
from Figure 2.9 that the change in
Page 157 and 158:
Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
Page 159 and 160:
110
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(a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
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dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
Page 165 and 166:
Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
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solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
Page 169 and 170:
leave some residual moisture on the
Page 171 and 172:
instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
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Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
Page 175 and 176:
Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
Page 177 and 178:
Table 4.4. Results of the determina
Page 179 and 180:
In order to test for homogeneity of
Page 181 and 182:
Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
Page 183 and 184:
The experiment was repeated with th
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e any residual moisture in the samp
Page 187 and 188:
By means of the same technique, Won
Page 189 and 190:
was still hot. Since the filter was
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value determined could be corrected
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Qin and White’s finding was confi
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A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
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Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
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- One large fibre sample (rind) of
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Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
Page 203 and 204:
Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
Page 205 and 206:
4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
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Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
Page 209 and 210:
pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
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The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
Page 213 and 214:
4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
Page 215 and 216:
The main difference in the two sets
Page 217 and 218:
Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
Page 219 and 220:
4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
Page 221 and 222:
component parts, and verify the Bri
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3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
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Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
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to determine the moisture sorption
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Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
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Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
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and on agricultural products such a
Page 235 and 236:
Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
Page 237 and 238:
After measuring the EMC of dry corn
Page 239 and 240:
approached, that is, either by adso
Page 241 and 242:
Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
Page 243 and 244:
5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
Page 245 and 246:
5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
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Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
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Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
Page 251 and 252:
Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
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30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
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m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
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vaporisation generally decreases fr
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30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
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4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
Page 263 and 264:
5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
Page 265 and 266:
Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
Page 277 and 278:
Table 5.28. Classification of resid
Page 279 and 280:
Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
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5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
Page 283 and 284:
Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
Page 285 and 286:
m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
Page 287 and 288:
Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
Page 289 and 290:
CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
Page 291 and 292:
where m is the equilibrium moisture
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Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
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6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
Page 301 and 302:
Thus, for each cane component of ea
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abscissa. For each moisture level (
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
A similar procedure was followed to
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10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
Page 311 and 312:
Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
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Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
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Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
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6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
Page 319 and 320:
The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
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Table 6.7. Separation of the total
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Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
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3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
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3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
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when water is added to dry wood, wh
Page 331 and 332:
It is evident that in some cases ma
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The number of adsorbed monolayers,
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Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
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particular fibre is systematically
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Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
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Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
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Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
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Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
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Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
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Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
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Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
Page 353 and 354:
Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
Page 355 and 356:
Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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