Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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Freundlich C. (1926). Colloid and capillary chemistry. English translation from 3 rd German edition by E.S. Hatfield, Methuen & Co, pp 111, 134. Gal S. (1981). Techniques for obtaining complete sorption isotherms. In Rockland L.B. and G.F. Steward (ed). Water activity: Influences on Food Quality. pp 89-154. Academic Press, New York, USA. Graham W.S. and J.R. Gunn (1971). Fibre – its effects on milling and processing efficiency. Proceedings of South African Sugar Technologists Association. 45:72-74. Grillet Y., J. Rouquerol and F. Rouquerol (1977). Study of physical adsorption of gases by a continuous procedure. Le Journal de Chimie Physique et de Physico-Chimie biologique. 74(2):179. Guggenheim E.A. (1966). Application of Statistical Mechanics (Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K). Hailwood A.J. and S. Horrobin (1946). Absorption of water by polymers: Analysis in terms of a simple model. Transactions of Faraday Society B42, 84-102. Halsey G. (1948). Physical adsorption on non-uniform surfaces. Journal of Chemical Physics. 16:931-937. Han G. and Q. Wu (2004). Comparative properties of sugar cane rind and wood strands for structural composite manufacturing. Forest Products Journal. 54(12):283-288. Hatakeyama T., K. Nagamura and H. Hatakeyama (2000). Vaporisation of bound water associated with cellulose fibres. Thermochimica Acta 352-353, 233-239. Hemaida S.E.A., G.E. Sayed and A.A. El-Badawi (1977). Effect of green and dry trash on cane and milling qualities. Proceedings of International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists. 16(3):2485-2491. Henderson S.M. (1952). A basic concept of equilibrium moisture. Agricultural Engineering. 33(1):29-33. Herbert L.P. (1973). Testing of sugar cane varieties for milling quality. Sugar Journal. 36:4. 35
Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination of isokinetic temperature. Nature. 227:66-67. Hossain M.D., B.K. Bala, M.A. Hossain and M.R.A. Mondol (2001). Sorption isotherms and heat of sorption of pineapple. Journal of Food Engineering. 48:103-107. Igathinathane C., A.R. Womac, S. Sokhansanj and L.O. Pordesimo (2005). Sorption equilibrium moisture characteristics of selected corn stover components. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 48(4):1449-1460. Iglesias H.A. and J. Chirife (1976). Isosteric heats of water vapour sorption in dehydrated foods. Part 1. Analysis of differential heat curve. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und Technologie. 9:116-122. Iglesias H.A. and J. Chirife (1981). An equation for fitting uncommon water sorption isotherms in foods. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaff und Tecnolgie. 14:111-117. Iglesias H.A., J. Chirife and Ferro Fontán (1989). On the temperature dependence of isosteric heats of water sorption in dehydrated foods. Journal of Food Science. 54(6):1620-1631. Jarman C. (1998). Small-scale textiles – plant fibre processing – A handbook. Intermediate Technology Publications. pp 52. Jayas D.S. and G. Mazza (1993). Comparison of five three-parameter equations for the description of adsorption data of oats. Transactions of the ASAE. 36(1):119-125. Jhingooree D., R. Jeetah and U. Kokil (2000). Degumming of sugar cane fibres from sugar cane stalk. Revue Agricole et Sucrière de l’Ile Maurice. 79(2):32-41. Kaleemullah S. and R. Kailappan (2007). Monolayer moisture, free energy change and fractionation of bound water of red chillies. Journal of Stored Products Research. 43:104-110. Kampen W.H. (1974). The effect of field soil on sugar cane clarification. Sugar Y Azucar. August 18-20. Kaymak-Ertekin F. and A. Gedik (2004). Sorption isotherms and isosteric heat of sorption for grapes, apricots, apples and potatoes. Lebensmittel-Wissenchaft und Technologie. 37:429-438. 36
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
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dissolved and hydrated waters, and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
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Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
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Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
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Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
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4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
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4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
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LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
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Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
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Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
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total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
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Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
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Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
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Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
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Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
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Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
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Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
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Sorption is the generic term used w
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LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
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s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
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number of 255, and cane land covere
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Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
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Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
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In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
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are: cane tops, dry and green leave
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1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
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campaign was launched to encourage
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The level of extraneous matter in c
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In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
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The effect of soil on factory perfo
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leaves increased the level of impur
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• From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
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Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
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CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
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Since the extrapolated purity of mo
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Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
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2.1.4 Results The analytical result
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Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
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Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
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Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
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Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
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0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
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1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
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esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
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2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
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filter paper, rejecting the first f
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Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
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Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
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Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
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various components such as stalk fi
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in the presence of dry leaves, if c
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Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
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CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
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Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
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Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
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R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
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loosen the fibre. The woody core is
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agitate the mixture in the pot, and
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Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
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The extraction of fibres starting f
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pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
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Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
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not have many dry leaves attached t
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Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
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3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
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Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
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3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
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Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
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Snow (1974) investigated the season
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from Figure 2.9 that the change in
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Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
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110
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(a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
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dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
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Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
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solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
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leave some residual moisture on the
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instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
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Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
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Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
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Table 4.4. Results of the determina
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In order to test for homogeneity of
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Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
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The experiment was repeated with th
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e any residual moisture in the samp
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By means of the same technique, Won
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was still hot. Since the filter was
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value determined could be corrected
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Qin and White’s finding was confi
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A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
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Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
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- One large fibre sample (rind) of
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Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
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Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
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4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
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Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
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pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
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The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
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4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
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The main difference in the two sets
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Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
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4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
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component parts, and verify the Bri
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3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
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Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
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to determine the moisture sorption
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Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
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Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
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and on agricultural products such a
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Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
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After measuring the EMC of dry corn
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approached, that is, either by adso
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Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
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5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
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5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
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Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
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Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
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Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
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30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
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m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
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vaporisation generally decreases fr
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30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
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4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
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5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
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Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
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Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
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Table 5.28. Classification of resid
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Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
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5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
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Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
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m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
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Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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where m is the equilibrium moisture
Page 293 and 294: Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 8
Page 297 and 298: 6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
Page 299 and 300: 6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
Page 301 and 302: Thus, for each cane component of ea
Page 303 and 304: abscissa. For each moisture level (
Page 307 and 308: A similar procedure was followed to
Page 309 and 310: 10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
Page 311 and 312: Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
Page 313 and 314: Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
Page 315 and 316: Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
Page 317 and 318: 6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
Page 319 and 320: The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
Page 321 and 322: Table 6.7. Separation of the total
Page 323 and 324: Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
Page 325 and 326: 3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
Page 327 and 328: 3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
Page 329 and 330: when water is added to dry wood, wh
Page 331 and 332: It is evident that in some cases ma
Page 333 and 334: The number of adsorbed monolayers,
Page 335 and 336: Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
Page 337 and 338: particular fibre is systematically
Page 339 and 340: Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
Page 341 and 342: Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
Page 343: Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
Page 347 and 348: Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
Page 349 and 350: Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
Page 351 and 352: Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
Page 353 and 354: Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
Page 355 and 356: Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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