Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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Page Figure 6.2. Variation of the Caurie I model monolayer moisture content 241 with temperature for the nine cane components of R 570 aged 52 and 36 weeks. Figure 6.3. Variation of the modified BET model monolayer moisture 242 content with temperature for the nine cane components of R 570 aged 52 and 36 weeks. Figure 6.4. Figure 6.5. Figure 6.6. Variation of the GAB, Caurie I and modified BET monolayer 243 moisture content with temperature for the reconstituted cane stalk, dry leaf and green leaf of R 570 aged 52 and 36 weeks. Typical Clausius Clapeyron plot for stalk fibre aged 52 weeks. 251 The variation of the net isosteric heat of adsorption calculated 252 from the Hailwood-Horrobin model with moisture content for the nine cane components of R 570 aged 52 and 36 weeks. Figure 6.7. The variation of the entropy of sorption calculated from the 253 Hailwood-Horrobin model with moisture content for the nine cane components of R 570 aged 52 and 36 weeks. Figure 6.8. The variation of the GAB model net isosteric heat of adsorption 255 with moisture content for the nine cane components of R 570 aged 52 and 36 weeks. Figure 6.9. The variation of the GAB model entropy of sorption with 256 moisture content for the nine cane components of R 570 aged 52 and 36 weeks. Figure 6.10. Figure 6.11. Figure 6.12. Net isosteric heat-entropy relationship for adsorption in the nine 259 cane components of R 570 aged 52 and 36 weeks. Average energy of water binding by sugar cane component parts 262 of cane variety R 570 aged 52 weeks. Average energy of water binding by sugar cane component parts 263 of cane variety R 570 aged 36 weeks. Figure 6.13. Amounts of adsorbed hydrated water (m h ), dissolved water (m s ), 272 total adsorbed water (m) and the experimental equilibrium moisture content for the nine cane component parts of R 570 aged 52 weeks at 30 °C. Figure 6.14. Amounts of adsorbed hydrated water (m h ), dissolved water (m s ), 273 (xxvi)
total adsorbed water (m) and the predicted equilibrium moisture content of reconstituted cane stalk, dry leaf and green leaf aged 52 weeks at various temperatures. Figure 6.15. Amounts of adsorbed hydrated water (m h ), dissolved water (m s ), 274 total adsorbed water (m) and the predicted equilibrium moisture content of reconstituted cane stalk, dry leaf and green leaf aged 36 weeks at various temperatures. Figure 6.16. Fibre saturation point in nine cane components and reconstituted 277 R 570 aged 52 weeks. Page Figure A 4.1. The Gallenkamp FGA 350-L flame photometer. 309 Figure A 4.2. WTW-LF92 conductivity meter. 310 Figure A 4.3. Jenway PCLM3 chloride meter. 311 Figure A 4.4. Schmidt and Haensch Saccharomat NIRW2 high wavelength313 polarimeter. (xxvii)
Page 1 and 2: THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
Page 3 and 4: dissolved and hydrated waters, and
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
Page 7 and 8: Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
Page 9 and 10: Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
Page 11 and 12: Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
Page 13 and 14: 4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
Page 15 and 16: 4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
Page 19 and 20: APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
Page 21 and 22: LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
Page 23 and 24: Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
Page 25: Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
Page 29 and 30: Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
Page 31 and 32: Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
Page 33 and 34: Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
Page 35 and 36: Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
Page 37 and 38: Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
Page 39 and 40: GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
Page 41 and 42: Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
Page 43 and 44: Sorption is the generic term used w
Page 45 and 46: LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
Page 47 and 48: s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
Page 49 and 50: number of 255, and cane land covere
Page 51 and 52: Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
Page 55 and 56: In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
Page 57 and 58: are: cane tops, dry and green leave
Page 59 and 60: 1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
Page 61 and 62: campaign was launched to encourage
Page 63 and 64: The level of extraneous matter in c
Page 65 and 66: In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
Page 67 and 68: The effect of soil on factory perfo
Page 69 and 70: leaves increased the level of impur
Page 71 and 72: • From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
Page 73 and 74: Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
Page 75 and 76: CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
Page 77 and 78:
Since the extrapolated purity of mo
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
Page 81 and 82:
2.1.4 Results The analytical result
Page 83 and 84:
Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
Page 85 and 86:
Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
Page 87 and 88:
Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
Page 89 and 90:
Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
Page 91 and 92:
0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
Page 93 and 94:
% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
Page 95 and 96:
1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
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esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
Page 101 and 102:
2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
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filter paper, rejecting the first f
Page 105 and 106:
Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
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Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
Page 109 and 110:
Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
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various components such as stalk fi
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in the presence of dry leaves, if c
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Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
Page 117 and 118:
CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
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Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
Page 121 and 122:
Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
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R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
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loosen the fibre. The woody core is
Page 127 and 128:
agitate the mixture in the pot, and
Page 129 and 130:
Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
Page 131 and 132:
The extraction of fibres starting f
Page 133 and 134:
pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
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Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
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not have many dry leaves attached t
Page 139 and 140:
Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
Page 141 and 142:
Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
Page 143 and 144:
Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
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3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
Page 147 and 148:
Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
Page 149 and 150:
3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
Page 151 and 152:
Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
Page 153 and 154:
Snow (1974) investigated the season
Page 155 and 156:
from Figure 2.9 that the change in
Page 157 and 158:
Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
Page 159 and 160:
110
Page 161 and 162:
(a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
Page 163 and 164:
dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
Page 165 and 166:
Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
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solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
Page 169 and 170:
leave some residual moisture on the
Page 171 and 172:
instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
Page 173 and 174:
Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
Page 175 and 176:
Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
Page 177 and 178:
Table 4.4. Results of the determina
Page 179 and 180:
In order to test for homogeneity of
Page 181 and 182:
Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
Page 183 and 184:
The experiment was repeated with th
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e any residual moisture in the samp
Page 187 and 188:
By means of the same technique, Won
Page 189 and 190:
was still hot. Since the filter was
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value determined could be corrected
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Qin and White’s finding was confi
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A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
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Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
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- One large fibre sample (rind) of
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Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
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Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
Page 205 and 206:
4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
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Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
Page 209 and 210:
pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
Page 211 and 212:
The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
Page 213 and 214:
4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
Page 215 and 216:
The main difference in the two sets
Page 217 and 218:
Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
Page 219 and 220:
4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
Page 221 and 222:
component parts, and verify the Bri
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3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
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Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
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to determine the moisture sorption
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Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
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Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
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and on agricultural products such a
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Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
Page 237 and 238:
After measuring the EMC of dry corn
Page 239 and 240:
approached, that is, either by adso
Page 241 and 242:
Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
Page 243 and 244:
5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
Page 245 and 246:
5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
Page 247 and 248:
Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
Page 249 and 250:
Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
Page 251 and 252:
Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
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30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
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m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
Page 257 and 258:
vaporisation generally decreases fr
Page 259 and 260:
30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
Page 261 and 262:
4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
Page 263 and 264:
5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
Page 265 and 266:
Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
Page 277 and 278:
Table 5.28. Classification of resid
Page 279 and 280:
Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
Page 281 and 282:
5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
Page 283 and 284:
Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
Page 285 and 286:
m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
Page 287 and 288:
Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
Page 289 and 290:
CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
Page 291 and 292:
where m is the equilibrium moisture
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
Page 299 and 300:
6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
Page 301 and 302:
Thus, for each cane component of ea
Page 303 and 304:
abscissa. For each moisture level (
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
A similar procedure was followed to
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10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
Page 311 and 312:
Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
Page 313 and 314:
Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
Page 315 and 316:
Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
Page 317 and 318:
6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
Page 319 and 320:
The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
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Table 6.7. Separation of the total
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Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
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3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
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3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
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when water is added to dry wood, wh
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It is evident that in some cases ma
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The number of adsorbed monolayers,
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Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
Page 337 and 338:
particular fibre is systematically
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Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
Page 341 and 342:
Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
Page 343 and 344:
Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
Page 345 and 346:
Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
Page 347 and 348:
Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
Page 349 and 350:
Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
Page 351 and 352:
Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
Page 353 and 354:
Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
Page 355 and 356:
Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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