Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55 o C isotherm 60 o C isotherm 30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55 o C isotherm 60 o C isotherm 30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55 o C isotherm 60 o C isotherm Table 5.18. Freundlich constants for primary and secondary equilibria of adsorption isotherms of cane components aged 36 weeks. R 2 s ln k k R 2 s ln k k R 2 s ln k k Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre Primary equilibria 0.95 0.674 0.204 1.2263 0.88 0.692 0.356 1.42761 0.63 0.520 0.654 1.92322 Secondary equilibria 0.81 3.247 -7.997 3.36E-04 1.00 3.632 -9.126 1.09E-04 0.96 1.991 -3.807 0.0222147 Primary equilibria 0.94 0.887 -1.163 0.312547 0.94 0.909 -1.020 0.360595 0.99 1.008 -1.659 0.190329 Secondary equilibria 0.76 4.410 -15.47 1.91E-07 0.82 5.507 -19.87 2.35E-09 0.86 3.442 -11.52 9.93E-06 Primary equilibria 0.99 0.839 -1.437 0.23764 0.83 0.905 -1.639 0.194174 0.98 0.834 -1.491 0.225147 Secondary equilibria 0.83 6.607 -25.55 8.01E-12 0.82 6.436 -26.99 1.90E-12 1.00 5.628 -23.53 6.04E-11 Primary equilibria 0.99 1.042 -2.613 0.0733143 0.76 0.650 -0.740 0.477114 0.99 1.074 -2.703 0.0670042 Secondary equilibria 0.81 5.553 -24.39 2.56E-11 0.81 7.783 -35.13 5.54E-16 0.96 5.719 -25.32 1.01E-11 Rind fines Top fibre Dry leaf fibre Primary equilibria 0.90 0.666 0.193 1.21288 0.92 0.769 0.126 1.13428 0.88 0.679 0.300 1.34986 Secondary equilibria 1.00 3.006 -7.273 6.94E-04 0.99 3.512 -8.753 1.58E-04 0.92 3.575 -9.030 1.20E-04 Primary equilibria 0.96 0.912 -1.239 0.289674 0.95 0.899 -1.008 0.364948 0.92 0.807 -0.699 0.497082 Secondary equilibria 1.00 4.347 -15.34 2.18E-07 1.00 5.839 -21.36 5.29E-10 0.95 5.088 -18.29 1.14E-08 Primary equilibria 0.99 0.901 -1.879 0.152743 0.95 0.856 -1.496 0.224024 0.99 0.802 -1.139 0.320139 Secondary equilibria 0.98 5.011 -20.75 9.74E-10 0.96 8.079 -34.81 7.62E-16 1.00 5.400 -22.36 1.95E-10 Primary equilibria 0.99 0.892 -1.921 0.14646 0.95 0.833 -1.601 0.201695 0.84 0.735 -1.272 0.280271 Secondary equilibria 0.98 5.355 -23.66 5.30E-11 0.95 9.355 -43.04 2.03E-19 0.68 12.580 -58.96 2.48E-26 Dry leaf fines Green leaf fibre Green leaf fines Primary equilibria 0.94 0.625 0.483 1.62093 0.92 0.633 0.384 1.46815 0.94 0.592 0.510 1.66529 Secondary equilibria 1.00 3.356 -8.300 2.49E-04 0.98 3.237 -7.906 3.69E-04 1.00 3.593 -9.111 1.10E-04 Primary equilibria 0.99 0.945 -1.237 0.290254 0.99 0.823 -0.877 0.416029 0.95 0.870 -1.016 0.36204 Secondary equilibria 0.97 4.977 -17.78 1.90E-08 0.83 4.377 -15.24 2.41E-07 0.98 4.923 -17.58 2.32E-08 Primary equilibria 0.99 0.932 -1.645 0.193013 0.97 0.888 -1.616 0.198692 0.94 0.748 -1.023 0.359515 Secondary equilibria 0.88 4.800 -19.50 3.40E-09 0.88 4.769 -19.34 3.99E-09 0.98 7.398 -31.72 1.68E-14 Primary equilibria 1.00 0.926 -1.934 0.144569 0.98 0.885 -1.818 0.16235 0.98 0.916 -1.942 0.143417 Secondary equilibria 1.00 7.262 -32.82 5.58E-15 0.90 12.390 -57.85 7.52E-26 0.83 9.683 -44.59 4.31E-20 207
4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0 Rind fibre 3 0 4 0 4 0 EMC/% db 2 0 10 EMC/% db 3 0 2 0 10 EMC/% db 3 0 2 0 10 0 0 0 . 5 1 1. 5 a w 0 0 0 . 5 1 1. 5 a w 0 0 0 . 5 1 1. 5 a w 3 0 Rind fines 5 0 Top fibre 5 0 Dry leaf fibre 4 0 4 0 EMC/% db 2 0 10 EMC/% db 3 0 2 0 EMC/% db 3 0 2 0 10 10 0 0 0 . 5 1 1. 5 a w 0 0 0 .5 1 1.5 a w 0 0 0 .5 1 1.5 a w 4 0 Dry leaf fines 4 0 Green leaf fibre 5 0 Green leaf fines 3 0 3 0 4 0 EMC/% db 2 0 10 EMC/% db 2 0 10 EMC/% db 3 0 2 0 10 0 0 0 .5 1 1.5 a w 0 0 0 .5 1 1.5 a w 0 0 0 .5 1 1.5 a w 30°C 45°C 55°C 60°C Figure 5.8. Experimental sorption isotherms of the nine sugar cane components of R 570 aged 52 weeks. Note the similar behaviour of all the nine cane components. 208
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
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dissolved and hydrated waters, and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
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Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
Page 9 and 10:
Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
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Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
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4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
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4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
Page 21 and 22:
LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
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Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
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Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
Page 27 and 28:
total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
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Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
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Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
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Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
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Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
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Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
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Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
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Sorption is the generic term used w
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LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
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s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
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number of 255, and cane land covere
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Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
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Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
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In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
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are: cane tops, dry and green leave
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1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
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campaign was launched to encourage
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The level of extraneous matter in c
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In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
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The effect of soil on factory perfo
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leaves increased the level of impur
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• From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
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Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
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CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
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Since the extrapolated purity of mo
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Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
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2.1.4 Results The analytical result
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Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
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Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
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Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
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Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
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0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
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1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
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esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
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2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
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filter paper, rejecting the first f
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Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
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Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
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Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
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various components such as stalk fi
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in the presence of dry leaves, if c
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Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
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CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
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Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
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Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
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R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
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loosen the fibre. The woody core is
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agitate the mixture in the pot, and
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Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
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The extraction of fibres starting f
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pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
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Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
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not have many dry leaves attached t
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Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
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3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
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Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
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3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
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Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
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Snow (1974) investigated the season
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from Figure 2.9 that the change in
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Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
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110
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(a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
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dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
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Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
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solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
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leave some residual moisture on the
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instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
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Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
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Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
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Table 4.4. Results of the determina
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In order to test for homogeneity of
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Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
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The experiment was repeated with th
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e any residual moisture in the samp
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By means of the same technique, Won
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was still hot. Since the filter was
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value determined could be corrected
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Qin and White’s finding was confi
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A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
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Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
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- One large fibre sample (rind) of
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Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
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Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
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4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
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Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
Page 209 and 210: pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
Page 211 and 212: The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
Page 213 and 214: 4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
Page 215 and 216: The main difference in the two sets
Page 217 and 218: Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
Page 219 and 220: 4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
Page 221 and 222: component parts, and verify the Bri
Page 223 and 224: 3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
Page 225 and 226: Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
Page 227 and 228: to determine the moisture sorption
Page 229 and 230: Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
Page 231 and 232: Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
Page 233 and 234: and on agricultural products such a
Page 235 and 236: Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
Page 237 and 238: After measuring the EMC of dry corn
Page 239 and 240: approached, that is, either by adso
Page 241 and 242: Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
Page 243 and 244: 5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
Page 245 and 246: 5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
Page 247 and 248: Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
Page 249 and 250: Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
Page 251 and 252: Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
Page 253 and 254: 30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
Page 255 and 256: m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
Page 257 and 258: vaporisation generally decreases fr
Page 259: 30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
Page 263 and 264: 5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
Page 265 and 266: Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
Page 275 and 276: Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
Page 277 and 278: Table 5.28. Classification of resid
Page 279 and 280: Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
Page 281 and 282: 5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
Page 283 and 284: Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
Page 285 and 286: m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
Page 287 and 288: Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
Page 289 and 290: CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
Page 291 and 292: where m is the equilibrium moisture
Page 297 and 298: 6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
Page 299 and 300: 6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
Page 301 and 302: Thus, for each cane component of ea
Page 303 and 304: abscissa. For each moisture level (
Page 307 and 308: A similar procedure was followed to
Page 309 and 310: 10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
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Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
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Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
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Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
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6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
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The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
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Table 6.7. Separation of the total
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Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
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3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
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3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
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when water is added to dry wood, wh
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It is evident that in some cases ma
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The number of adsorbed monolayers,
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Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
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particular fibre is systematically
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Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
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Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
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Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
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Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
Page 347 and 348:
Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
Page 349 and 350:
Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
Page 351 and 352:
Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
Page 353 and 354:
Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
Page 355 and 356:
Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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