Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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Page 4.4 LACTOSE BY HIGH PERFORMANCE ION 311 CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPIC) 4.5 POL BY SACCHARIMETRY 312 4.6 ANALYSES OF CANE AND PRESS JUICE 315 FILES ON COMPACT DISC. Raw data for Tables 2.2 – 2.4.xls BFW test series.xls BFW R 570 of 2001.xls EMC 52 weeks.xls EMC 36 weeks.xls Isotherm plots.xls Fig 5.11.1 – 5.11.18 Residuals.xls Fig 6.13.1 – 6.13.8 Hydrated and dissolved water.xls (xx)
LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Figure 1.2. Sugar cane growing regions (green) and the three climatic zones 3 in Mauritius (Anon., 2006). Flow-diagram of raw sugar manufacturing process in Mauritius5 (Anon., 1997). Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core sampler for analysis. 6 Figure 1.4. Bridging mechanism formed by calcium and phosphate ions 7 during cane juice clarification (Bennett, 1975). Figure 1.5. Figure 1.6. Determination of extraneous matter in cane from a 400 kg load, 11 with removed non-cane on both sides and cleaned cane in the middle. Changes in fibre % cane, sucrose % cane and sucrose/fibre ratio 13 in cane from 1960-2004. Figure 1.7. Changes in Clerget purity of mixed juice and boiling house 15 recovery (BHR) from 1960-2004. Figure 1.8. Changes in fibre % cane, sucrose % cane and sucrose/fibre ratio 16 in South African cane from 1960-2004. Figure 1.9. Changes in purity of South African mixed juice from 1960- 16 2004. Figure 1.10. Changes in mill extraction and sucrose lost in bagasse % sucrose 23 in cane from 1960-2004. Figure 1.11. Changes in pol % bagasse from 1960-2004. 24 Figure 1.12. Changes in sucrose lost in filter cake % sucrose in cane from 25 1960-2004. Figure 1.13. Changes in Clerget purity of molasses and mass of molasses at 26 85° Brix % cane from 1960-2004. Figure 1.14. Changes in sucrose lost in molasses % sucrose in cane from 26 1960-2004. Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter-grinder. 32 Figure 2.2. Cane chipper. 32 Figure 2.3. Pinette Emidecau Press. 32 Figure 2.4. Sugar refractometer. 32
Page 1 and 2: THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
Page 3 and 4: dissolved and hydrated waters, and
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
Page 7 and 8: Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
Page 9 and 10: Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
Page 11 and 12: Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
Page 13 and 14: 4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
Page 15 and 16: 4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
Page 19: APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
Page 23 and 24: Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
Page 25 and 26: Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
Page 27 and 28: total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
Page 29 and 30: Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
Page 31 and 32: Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
Page 33 and 34: Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
Page 35 and 36: Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
Page 37 and 38: Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
Page 39 and 40: GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
Page 41 and 42: Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
Page 43 and 44: Sorption is the generic term used w
Page 45 and 46: LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
Page 47 and 48: s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
Page 49 and 50: number of 255, and cane land covere
Page 51 and 52: Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
Page 55 and 56: In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
Page 57 and 58: are: cane tops, dry and green leave
Page 59 and 60: 1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
Page 61 and 62: campaign was launched to encourage
Page 63 and 64: The level of extraneous matter in c
Page 65 and 66: In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
Page 67 and 68: The effect of soil on factory perfo
Page 69 and 70: leaves increased the level of impur
Page 71 and 72:
• From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
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Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
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CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
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Since the extrapolated purity of mo
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Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
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2.1.4 Results The analytical result
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Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
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Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
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Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
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Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
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0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
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1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
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esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
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2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
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filter paper, rejecting the first f
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Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
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Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
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Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
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various components such as stalk fi
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in the presence of dry leaves, if c
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Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
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CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
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Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
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Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
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R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
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loosen the fibre. The woody core is
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agitate the mixture in the pot, and
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Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
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The extraction of fibres starting f
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pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
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Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
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not have many dry leaves attached t
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Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
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3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
Page 147 and 148:
Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
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3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
Page 151 and 152:
Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
Page 153 and 154:
Snow (1974) investigated the season
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from Figure 2.9 that the change in
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Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
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110
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(a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
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dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
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Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
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solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
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leave some residual moisture on the
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instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
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Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
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Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
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Table 4.4. Results of the determina
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In order to test for homogeneity of
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Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
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The experiment was repeated with th
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e any residual moisture in the samp
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By means of the same technique, Won
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was still hot. Since the filter was
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value determined could be corrected
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Qin and White’s finding was confi
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A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
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Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
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- One large fibre sample (rind) of
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Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
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Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
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4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
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Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
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pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
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The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
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4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
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The main difference in the two sets
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Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
Page 219 and 220:
4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
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component parts, and verify the Bri
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3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
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Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
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to determine the moisture sorption
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Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
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Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
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and on agricultural products such a
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Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
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After measuring the EMC of dry corn
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approached, that is, either by adso
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Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
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5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
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5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
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Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
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Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
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Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
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30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
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m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
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vaporisation generally decreases fr
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30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
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4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
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5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
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Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
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Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
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Table 5.28. Classification of resid
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Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
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5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
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Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
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m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
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Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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where m is the equilibrium moisture
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Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
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6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
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Thus, for each cane component of ea
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abscissa. For each moisture level (
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A similar procedure was followed to
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10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
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Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
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Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
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Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
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6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
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The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
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Table 6.7. Separation of the total
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Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
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3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
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3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
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when water is added to dry wood, wh
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It is evident that in some cases ma
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The number of adsorbed monolayers,
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Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
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particular fibre is systematically
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Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
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Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
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Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
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Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
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Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
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Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
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Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
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Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
Page 355 and 356:
Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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