Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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Table 4.10. Residual moisture in fibres of cane component parts after vacuum drying and prior to Brix-free water analysis. Sample Residual moisture after one hour drying at 65 o C in an air oven followed by vacuum drying at 65 o C for 16 hours/% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Mean Stalk fibre 2.34 0.96 0.43 1.13 0.46 1.88 3.30 2.13 0.90 0.95 0.64 1.38 Stalk pith 1.17 1.21 0.85 1.04 3.53 0.56 2.33 0.71 0.89 0.01 1.21 1.23 Rind fibre 1.57 -0.27 1.74 0.15 2.25 0.20 3.40 0.25 1.62 -0.17 0.93 1.06 Rind fines 0.63 0.99 0.80 1.74 1.31 0.22 0.59 0.66 0.75 2.11 1.16 1.00 Top 1.07 -0.32 1.66 0.25 0.38 0.15 0.44 -0.93 0.84 1.07 2.36 0.63 Dry leaf fibre 1.13 1.11 0.52 0.39 1.18 0.32 2.18 0.98 1.02 1.33 2.82 1.18 Dry leaf fines 1.87 1.30 0.88 1.13 0.82 0.16 0.68 3.19 2.85 1.32 1.37 1.42 Green leaf fibre 1.12 1.37 0.84 1.94 2.20 0.32 0.54 0.78 0.69 1.31 1.25 1.13 Green leaf fines -0.14 1.48 0.94 1.83 0.82 0.27 0.76 0.85 1.55 1.41 1.44 1.02 1.12 Sample Residual moisture after vacuum drying at 80 o C for 3 hours after Mangion and Player (1991)/% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Mean Stalk fibre 1.57 1.35 2.14 1.04 2.91 0.85 1.32 -0.22 2.77 1.55 1.96 1.57 Stalk pith 1.87 1.52 1.30 1.33 1.46 2.92 -0.18 1.47 1.74 1.43 1.44 1.48 Rind fibre 1.59 1.36 1.03 1.04 1.71 1.08 1.31 2.12 1.52 1.27 1.09 1.38 Rind fines 3.74 1.40 1.70 1.13 1.48 1.83 1.38 1.34 1.74 1.23 2.54 1.77 Top 1.83 1.99 0.92 0.13 -0.19 1.84 4.64 -0.72 1.78 2.42 1.30 1.45 Dry leaf fibre 2.16 0.29 4.01 1.15 4.60 1.84 1.55 1.81 2.54 2.39 2.04 2.22 Dry leaf fines 2.04 1.46 2.09 1.35 1.57 1.28 1.60 1.27 2.05 1.68 1.51 1.63 Green leaf fibre 2.19 1.73 4.24 1.32 1.72 3.22 1.83 1.51 2.18 1.38 1.52 2.08 Green leaf fines 2.42 2.52 3.16 1.62 0.12 2.61 2.00 0.99 2.29 1.73 1.50 1.90 1.72 134
By means of the same technique, Wong Sak Hoi (1998) subsequently developed a rapid moisture determination method programmed for products of high moisture content such as filter cake, bagasse and cane. The application of the method to these products was found successful with regard to both precision and accuracy of the method compared with the reference methods, and with great savings in analysis time, which is essential in process control. It was thought useful to develop a method for rapid moisture determination in fibre by using halogen thermogravimetry; this will be particularly useful to check any residual moisture in the fibre after vacuum oven drying. The Mettler Toledo (Model HR73) moisture analyser (Fig 4.2) is a development of the infrared dryer. It consists of a glass tube filled with an inert halogen gas and contains a tungsten wire heating element. The geometry of the halogen radiation provides uniform distribution of the infrared radiation over the whole surface of the samples through a large gold-plated reflector. It is claimed by the manufacturer that the analyser cools faster and provides more precise temperature control than a conventional infrared dryer. Figure 4.2. The Mettler Toledo HR73 halogen thermogravimetric moisture analyser. A precision balance integrated in the instrument continuously monitors the mass change of the sample under test, which is either dried for a pre-set period or to constant mass. The apparatus offers four drying programmes, namely standard, rapid, gentle and stepwise drying for different kinds of products, and five automatic switch-off criteria (1-5) for 135
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
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dissolved and hydrated waters, and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
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Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
Page 9 and 10:
Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
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Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
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4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
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4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
Page 21 and 22:
LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
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Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
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Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
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total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
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Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
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Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
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Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
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Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
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Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
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Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
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Sorption is the generic term used w
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LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
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s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
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number of 255, and cane land covere
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Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
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Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
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In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
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are: cane tops, dry and green leave
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1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
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campaign was launched to encourage
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The level of extraneous matter in c
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In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
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The effect of soil on factory perfo
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leaves increased the level of impur
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• From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
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Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
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CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
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Since the extrapolated purity of mo
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Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
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2.1.4 Results The analytical result
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Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
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Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
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Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
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Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
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0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
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1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
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esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
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2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
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filter paper, rejecting the first f
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Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
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Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
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Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
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various components such as stalk fi
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in the presence of dry leaves, if c
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Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
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CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
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Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
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Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
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R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
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loosen the fibre. The woody core is
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agitate the mixture in the pot, and
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Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
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The extraction of fibres starting f
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pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
Page 135 and 136: Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
Page 137 and 138: not have many dry leaves attached t
Page 139 and 140: Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
Page 141 and 142: Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
Page 145 and 146: 3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
Page 147 and 148: Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
Page 149 and 150: 3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
Page 151 and 152: Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
Page 153 and 154: Snow (1974) investigated the season
Page 155 and 156: from Figure 2.9 that the change in
Page 157 and 158: Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
Page 159 and 160: 110
Page 161 and 162: (a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
Page 163 and 164: dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
Page 165 and 166: Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
Page 167 and 168: solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
Page 169 and 170: leave some residual moisture on the
Page 171 and 172: instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
Page 173 and 174: Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
Page 175 and 176: Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
Page 177 and 178: Table 4.4. Results of the determina
Page 179 and 180: In order to test for homogeneity of
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
Page 183 and 184: The experiment was repeated with th
Page 185: e any residual moisture in the samp
Page 189 and 190: was still hot. Since the filter was
Page 191 and 192: value determined could be corrected
Page 193 and 194: Qin and White’s finding was confi
Page 195 and 196: A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
Page 197 and 198: Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
Page 199 and 200: - One large fibre sample (rind) of
Page 201 and 202: Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
Page 203 and 204: Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
Page 205 and 206: 4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
Page 207 and 208: Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
Page 209 and 210: pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
Page 211 and 212: The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
Page 213 and 214: 4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
Page 215 and 216: The main difference in the two sets
Page 217 and 218: Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
Page 219 and 220: 4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
Page 221 and 222: component parts, and verify the Bri
Page 223 and 224: 3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
Page 225 and 226: Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
Page 227 and 228: to determine the moisture sorption
Page 229 and 230: Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
Page 231 and 232: Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
Page 233 and 234: and on agricultural products such a
Page 235 and 236: Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
Page 237 and 238:
After measuring the EMC of dry corn
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approached, that is, either by adso
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Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
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5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
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5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
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Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
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Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
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Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
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30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
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m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
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vaporisation generally decreases fr
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30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
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4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
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5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
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Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
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Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
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Table 5.28. Classification of resid
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Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
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5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
Page 283 and 284:
Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
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m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
Page 287 and 288:
Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
Page 289 and 290:
CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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where m is the equilibrium moisture
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Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
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6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
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Thus, for each cane component of ea
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abscissa. For each moisture level (
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
A similar procedure was followed to
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10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
Page 311 and 312:
Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
Page 313 and 314:
Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
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Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
Page 317 and 318:
6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
Page 319 and 320:
The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
Page 321 and 322:
Table 6.7. Separation of the total
Page 323 and 324:
Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
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3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
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3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
Page 329 and 330:
when water is added to dry wood, wh
Page 331 and 332:
It is evident that in some cases ma
Page 333 and 334:
The number of adsorbed monolayers,
Page 335 and 336:
Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
Page 337 and 338:
particular fibre is systematically
Page 339 and 340:
Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
Page 341 and 342:
Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
Page 343 and 344:
Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
Page 345 and 346:
Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
Page 347 and 348:
Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
Page 349 and 350:
Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
Page 351 and 352:
Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
Page 353 and 354:
Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
Page 355 and 356:
Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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