Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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Table 3.17. Effect of extraneous matter on fibre % cane in four cane varieties of three ages (using data in Tables 3.8.-3.10). R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 Replicates and mean 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 52 weeks Initial Fibre % cane 7.40 7.15 6.38 5.56 7.80 8.20 8.46 7.93 8.28 7.55 8.80 8.46 Dry leaf % gross cane 2.40 4.95 6.12 6.36 8.00 3.91 3.41 4.53 5.36 8.30 5.51 3.44 Total fibre % cane 8.91 9.94 9.90 9.13 11.59 10.37 10.18 9.98 11.16 11.94 12.00 10.05 Increase 1.51 2.79 3.52 3.57 3.79 2.17 1.72 2.05 2.88 4.39 3.20 1.59 Prediction* 1.37 2.83 3.50 3.64 4.58 2.24 1.95 2.59 3.07 4.75 3.15 1.97 Green leaf % gross cane 11.76 12.46 17.37 17.84 19.90 14.67 12.38 22.63 17.52 10.64 15.01 10.48 Total fibre % cane 9.61 9.33 8.91 8.80 10.89 10.30 10.45 11.66 11.08 9.07 11.53 10.36 Increase 2.21 2.17 2.53 3.24 3.08 2.10 1.99 3.73 2.79 1.52 2.73 1.91 Prediction* 1.55 1.64 2.29 2.36 2.63 1.94 1.63 2.99 2.31 1.40 1.98 1.38 44 weeks Initial Fibre % cane 8.15 7.66 7.11 9.81 9.94 10.66 9.83 10.81 8.51 9.03 9.10 9.37 Dry leaf % gross cane 9.82 15.94 9.63 8.96 9.55 13.31 12.65 13.61 11.09 11.81 11.99 9.17 Total fibre % cane 10.52 13.41 10.62 12.71 13.15 14.25 12.34 13.54 12.12 12.25 13.81 12.41 Increase 2.37 5.76 3.51 2.90 3.21 3.59 2.51 2.73 3.61 3.22 4.71 3.03 Prediction* 5.62 9.12 5.51 5.12 5.46 7.61 7.24 7.79 6.34 6.76 6.86 5.25 Green leaf % gross cane 20.78 17.92 11.85 13.54 18.81 18.57 15.20 20.50 18.60 17.05 13.28 15.96 Total fibre % cane 10.67 10.22 8.82 11.59 12.15 12.73 11.63 13.60 10.65 11.72 11.09 11.81 Increase 2.52 2.56 1.70 1.79 2.20 2.08 1.81 2.80 2.14 2.68 1.99 2.44 Prediction* 2.74 2.37 1.56 1.79 2.48 2.45 2.01 2.71 2.46 2.25 1.75 2.11 36 weeks Initial Fibre % cane 7.58 6.45 8.80 10.46 11.09 10.28 8.68 10.50 8.73 8.10 9.91 8.23 Dry leaf % gross cane 11.52 7.01 5.71 9.22 7.87 5.93 8.19 6.12 5.34 8.22 5.39 11.08 Total fibre % cane 13.76 10.54 11.70 15.65 15.69 13.61 12.82 13.34 11.77 13.23 12.81 14.61 Increase 6.18 4.09 2.90 5.19 4.61 3.33 4.14 2.84 3.04 5.13 2.89 6.38 Prediction* 6.59 4.01 3.27 5.27 4.50 3.39 4.69 3.50 3.06 4.70 3.08 6.34 Green leaf % gross cane 14.12 15.12 22.12 26.52 20.00 15.90 22.25 22.28 20.00 19.08 16.63 21.51 Total fibre % cane 9.94 9.05 11.74 14.75 14.20 12.62 11.78 13.19 12.11 12.08 12.20 12.13 Increase 2.36 2.60 2.94 4.29 3.11 2.34 3.10 2.69 3.38 3.98 2.28 3.89 Prediction* 1.86 2.00 2.92 3.50 2.64 2.10 2.94 2.94 2.64 2.52 2.20 2.84 * Values predicted from the linear equation given in Fig 2.9. 107
Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by direct cane analysis. R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 Replicates and mean 1 2 3 Mean 1 2 3 Mean 1 2 3 Mean 1 2 3 Mean Sample age/weeks 52 10.12 10.15 10.15 10.14 10.12 13.53 10.67 11.44 11.28 11.73 10.09 11.03 10.70 10.43 11.25 10.79 44 8.33 10.40 6.81 8.51 10.82 10.85 9.21 10.29 11.98 12.43 11.82 12.08 8.97 9.70 8.81 9.16 36 8.45 10.00 9.67 9.37 12.58 11.34 11.64 11.85 10.27 10.82 6.72 9.27 10.33 11.40 9.24 10.32 Table 3.19. Gross calorific value of sugarcane components. GCV of dried sample /kJ kg -1 Sample Rind Stalk fibre Stalk pith Dry leaf R 579 1 19243 19233 17975 18112 2 19311 19478 17988 18260 3 19168 19521 17819 18262 Mean 19241 19411 17927 18211 R 570 1 19726 19552 17380 19216 2 20026 19258 17356 19126 3 19903 19095 17218 18912 Mean 19885 19302 17318 19085 M 1557/70 1 19204 19098 17000 17703 2 19325 18811 17130 17853 3 19080 19025 17129 17646 Mean 19203 18978 17086 17734 M 1400/86 1 19382 18323 17714 17912 2 19339 18641 17802 18080 3 19610 18452 17633 18134 Mean 19444 18472 17716 18042 Mean 19443 19041 17512 18268 3.5.4.2 Infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy 108
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
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dissolved and hydrated waters, and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
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Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
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Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
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Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
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4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
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4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
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LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
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Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
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Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
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total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
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Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
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Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
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Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
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Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
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Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
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Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
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Sorption is the generic term used w
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LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
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s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
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number of 255, and cane land covere
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Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
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Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
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In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
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are: cane tops, dry and green leave
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1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
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campaign was launched to encourage
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The level of extraneous matter in c
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In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
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The effect of soil on factory perfo
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leaves increased the level of impur
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• From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
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Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
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CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
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Since the extrapolated purity of mo
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Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
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2.1.4 Results The analytical result
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Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
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Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
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Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
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Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
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0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
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1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
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esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
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2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
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filter paper, rejecting the first f
Page 105 and 106: Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
Page 107 and 108: Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
Page 109 and 110: Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
Page 111 and 112: various components such as stalk fi
Page 113 and 114: in the presence of dry leaves, if c
Page 115 and 116: Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
Page 119 and 120: Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
Page 121 and 122: Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
Page 123 and 124: R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
Page 125 and 126: loosen the fibre. The woody core is
Page 127 and 128: agitate the mixture in the pot, and
Page 129 and 130: Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
Page 131 and 132: The extraction of fibres starting f
Page 133 and 134: pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
Page 135 and 136: Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
Page 137 and 138: not have many dry leaves attached t
Page 139 and 140: Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
Page 141 and 142: Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
Page 145 and 146: 3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
Page 147 and 148: Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
Page 149 and 150: 3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
Page 151 and 152: Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
Page 153 and 154: Snow (1974) investigated the season
Page 155: from Figure 2.9 that the change in
Page 159 and 160: 110
Page 161 and 162: (a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
Page 163 and 164: dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
Page 165 and 166: Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
Page 167 and 168: solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
Page 169 and 170: leave some residual moisture on the
Page 171 and 172: instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
Page 173 and 174: Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
Page 175 and 176: Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
Page 177 and 178: Table 4.4. Results of the determina
Page 179 and 180: In order to test for homogeneity of
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
Page 183 and 184: The experiment was repeated with th
Page 185 and 186: e any residual moisture in the samp
Page 187 and 188: By means of the same technique, Won
Page 189 and 190: was still hot. Since the filter was
Page 191 and 192: value determined could be corrected
Page 193 and 194: Qin and White’s finding was confi
Page 195 and 196: A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
Page 197 and 198: Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
Page 199 and 200: - One large fibre sample (rind) of
Page 201 and 202: Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
Page 203 and 204: Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
Page 205 and 206: 4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
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Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
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pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
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The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
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4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
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The main difference in the two sets
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Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
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4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
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component parts, and verify the Bri
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3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
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Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
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to determine the moisture sorption
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Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
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Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
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and on agricultural products such a
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Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
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After measuring the EMC of dry corn
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approached, that is, either by adso
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Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
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5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
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5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
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Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
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Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
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Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
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30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
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m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
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vaporisation generally decreases fr
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30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
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4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
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5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
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Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
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Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
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Table 5.28. Classification of resid
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Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
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5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
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Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
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m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
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Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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where m is the equilibrium moisture
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Page 297 and 298:
6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
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6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
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Thus, for each cane component of ea
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abscissa. For each moisture level (
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Page 307 and 308:
A similar procedure was followed to
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10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
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Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
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Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
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Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
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6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
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The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
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Table 6.7. Separation of the total
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Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
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3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
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3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
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when water is added to dry wood, wh
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It is evident that in some cases ma
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The number of adsorbed monolayers,
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Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
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particular fibre is systematically
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Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
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Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
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Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
Page 345 and 346:
Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
Page 347 and 348:
Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
Page 349 and 350:
Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
Page 351 and 352:
Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
Page 353 and 354:
Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
Page 355 and 356:
Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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