Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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Table 3.16. Effect of extraneous matter on fibre/pith ratio in four cane varieties aged 36 weeks. R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 Replicates and mean 1 2 3 Mean 1 2 3 Mean 1 2 3 Mean 1 2 3 Mean Initial Mass of cane/g 2920 2920 2640 2660 4800 4600 2690 3070 2480 3350 3860 2810 Hard fibre % cane 4.22 3.45 4.76 4.14 5.57 5.85 5.10 5.51 4.57 5.50 4.60 4.89 4.08 4.78 4.07 4.31 Pith % cane 3.35 3.00 4.04 3.46 4.89 5.24 5.18 5.10 4.10 4.99 4.13 4.41 4.02 5.13 4.16 4.44 Total fibre % cane 7.58 6.45 8.80 7.61 10.46 11.09 10.28 10.61 8.68 10.50 8.73 9.30 8.10 9.91 8.23 8.75 Fibre/pith ratio 1.26 1.15 1.18 1.20 1.14 1.12 0.99 1.08 1.11 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.01 0.93 0.98 0.97 Dry leaf Mass added/g 380 220 160 270 410 290 240 200 140 300 220 350 % gross cane 11.52 7.01 5.71 8.08 9.22 7.87 5.93 7.67 8.19 6.12 5.34 6.55 8.22 5.39 11.08 8.23 Hard fibre % cane 7.98 5.90 6.41 6.76 9.06 8.70 7.30 8.36 7.60 7.60 6.59 7.26 7.80 6.69 8.21 7.57 Pith % cane 5.78 4.64 5.29 5.24 6.59 6.99 6.31 6.63 5.22 5.74 5.18 5.38 5.43 6.12 6.41 5.99 Total fibre % cane 13.76 10.54 11.70 12.00 15.65 15.69 13.61 14.98 12.82 13.34 11.77 12.64 13.23 12.81 14.61 13.55 Fibre/pith ratio 1.38 1.27 1.21 1.29 1.38 1.25 1.16 1.26 1.45 1.33 1.27 1.35 1.44 1.09 1.28 1.27 Green leaf Mass added/g 480 520 750 960 1200 870 770 880 620 790 770 770 % gross cane 14.12 15.12 22.12 17.12 26.52 20.00 15.90 20.81 22.25 22.28 20.00 21.51 19.08 16.63 21.51 19.07 Hard fibre % cane 6.18 5.38 7.12 6.23 9.17 8.26 7.12 8.18 7.29 7.74 7.13 7.39 7.12 6.81 7.26 7.06 Pith % cane 3.76 3.67 4.62 4.01 5.58 5.93 5.50 5.67 4.49 5.45 4.98 4.97 4.96 5.38 4.87 5.07 Total fibre % cane 9.94 9.05 11.74 10.24 14.75 14.20 12.62 13.85 11.78 13.19 12.11 12.36 12.08 12.20 12.13 12.13 Fibre/pith ratio 1.65 1.46 1.54 1.55 1.64 1.39 1.29 1.44 1.62 1.42 1.43 1.49 1.43 1.27 1.49 1.40 Tops Mass added/g 340 300 260 380 430 430 420 370 320 380 420 360 % gross cane 10.43 9.32 8.97 9.57 12.50 8.22 8.55 9.76 13.50 10.76 11.43 11.90 10.19 9.81 11.36 10.45 Hard fibre % cane 4.92 3.98 5.39 4.77 6.57 6.38 5.72 6.22 5.52 6.08 5.37 5.66 5.00 5.61 5.03 5.22 Pith % cane 3.54 3.20 4.22 3.65 5.11 5.37 5.35 5.28 4.42 5.10 4.34 4.62 4.29 5.28 4.35 4.64 Total fibre % cane 8.46 7.18 9.61 8.42 11.68 11.75 11.07 11.50 9.95 11.18 9.71 10.28 9.30 10.90 9.39 9.86 Fibre/pith ratio 1.39 1.24 1.28 1.30 1.28 1.19 1.07 1.18 1.25 1.19 1.24 1.23 1.16 1.06 1.16 1.13 103
Snow (1974) investigated the seasonal variations in the ratio of hard fibre to pith within a cane variety at regular monthly intervals for 7 through 12-month old cane. Young or immature cane had more pith than hard fibre with a fibre/pith ratio of about 0.58 at 7 months. As the cane reached maturity (9 months) more hard fibre was present in the stalks giving approximately equal amounts of hard fibre and pith. This fibre/pith ratio of 1 remained constant for the duration of the season. From Tables 3.14 – 3.16 for the four cane varieties, the pith % cane increases in all cases (except R 570) as the cane matures from 36 to 44 weeks, but decreases (except M 1400/86) from 36 to 52 weeks. However, there is no indication of an increase of hard fibre % cane with age in any of the four cane varieties. In fact, the value found for the total fibre % cane was on the low side. This can be attributed to the fact that the samples examined had the nodes eliminated, some probably had more stalk and rind removed in the process as in the case of cane aged 52 weeks. However, R 570, M 1557/70 and M 1400/86 did show an increase in hard fibre % cane from 36 weeks to 44 weeks. In spite of this shortcoming, the fibre/pith value in cane calculated can still be considered as reliable since both Moodley (1991) and Snow (1974) had found that fibre/pith ratio remained more or less constant. 3.5.3.2 Effect of cane variety on fibre/pith ratio in cane From Table 3.14, for the mature cane aged 52 weeks, the fibre/pith ratios of R 570 and M 1400/86 were close to the expected value of one with values of 1.08 and 1.06 respectively, whereas those of R 579 and M 1557/70 were high, at about 1.20. According to Snow (1974), cane with high ratio of hard fibre to pith e.g. 1.52, causes problems in milling due to the toughness of the stalks entailing excessive maintenance of the equipment due to stress and, mill chokes induced by bagasse jamming in the radial and juice grooves, whereas cane varieties with more pith than hard fibre, with a fibre/pith ratio of about 0.6, cause an overall slowdown in mill operations manifested through occasional reduced grinding rates due to the soft “mushy” consistency of the macerated material leading to mill roll slippage or chokes, and high residual moisture content of the bagasse. Varieties with approximately equal amounts of hard fibre and pith proved to be the best milling varieties. Hence the varieties investigated here should be considered good milling varieties if judged on their fibre/pith ratios. 104
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
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dissolved and hydrated waters, and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
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Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
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Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
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Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
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4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
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4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
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LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
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Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
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Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
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total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
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Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
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Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
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Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
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Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
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Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
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Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
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Sorption is the generic term used w
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LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
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s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
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number of 255, and cane land covere
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Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
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Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
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In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
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are: cane tops, dry and green leave
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1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
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campaign was launched to encourage
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The level of extraneous matter in c
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In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
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The effect of soil on factory perfo
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leaves increased the level of impur
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• From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
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Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
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CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
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Since the extrapolated purity of mo
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Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
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2.1.4 Results The analytical result
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Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
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Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
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Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
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Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
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0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
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1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
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esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
Page 101 and 102: 2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
Page 103 and 104: filter paper, rejecting the first f
Page 105 and 106: Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
Page 107 and 108: Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
Page 109 and 110: Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
Page 111 and 112: various components such as stalk fi
Page 113 and 114: in the presence of dry leaves, if c
Page 115 and 116: Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
Page 119 and 120: Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
Page 121 and 122: Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
Page 123 and 124: R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
Page 125 and 126: loosen the fibre. The woody core is
Page 127 and 128: agitate the mixture in the pot, and
Page 129 and 130: Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
Page 131 and 132: The extraction of fibres starting f
Page 133 and 134: pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
Page 135 and 136: Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
Page 137 and 138: not have many dry leaves attached t
Page 139 and 140: Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
Page 141 and 142: Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
Page 145 and 146: 3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
Page 147 and 148: Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
Page 149 and 150: 3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
Page 151: Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
Page 155 and 156: from Figure 2.9 that the change in
Page 157 and 158: Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
Page 159 and 160: 110
Page 161 and 162: (a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
Page 163 and 164: dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
Page 165 and 166: Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
Page 167 and 168: solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
Page 169 and 170: leave some residual moisture on the
Page 171 and 172: instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
Page 173 and 174: Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
Page 175 and 176: Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
Page 177 and 178: Table 4.4. Results of the determina
Page 179 and 180: In order to test for homogeneity of
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
Page 183 and 184: The experiment was repeated with th
Page 185 and 186: e any residual moisture in the samp
Page 187 and 188: By means of the same technique, Won
Page 189 and 190: was still hot. Since the filter was
Page 191 and 192: value determined could be corrected
Page 193 and 194: Qin and White’s finding was confi
Page 195 and 196: A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
Page 197 and 198: Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
Page 199 and 200: - One large fibre sample (rind) of
Page 201 and 202: Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
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Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
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4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
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Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
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pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
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The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
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4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
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The main difference in the two sets
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Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
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4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
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component parts, and verify the Bri
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3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
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Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
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to determine the moisture sorption
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Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
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Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
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and on agricultural products such a
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Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
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After measuring the EMC of dry corn
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approached, that is, either by adso
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Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
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5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
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5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
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Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
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Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
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Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
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30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
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m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
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vaporisation generally decreases fr
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30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
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4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
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5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
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Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
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Page 273 and 274:
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Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
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Table 5.28. Classification of resid
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Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
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5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
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Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
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m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
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Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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where m is the equilibrium moisture
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6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
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6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
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Thus, for each cane component of ea
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abscissa. For each moisture level (
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Page 307 and 308:
A similar procedure was followed to
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10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
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Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
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Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
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Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
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6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
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The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
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Table 6.7. Separation of the total
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Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
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3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
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3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
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when water is added to dry wood, wh
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It is evident that in some cases ma
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The number of adsorbed monolayers,
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Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
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particular fibre is systematically
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Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
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Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
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Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
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Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
Page 347 and 348:
Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
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Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
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Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
Page 353 and 354:
Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
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Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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