Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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Table 3.14. Effect of extraneous matter on fibre/pith ratio in four cane varieties aged 52 weeks. R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 Replicates and mean 1 2 3 Mean 1 2 3 Mean 1 2 3 Mean 1 2 3 Mean Initial Mass of cane/g 5700 5760 2760 4420 3220 4420 7080 2530 5650 4200 5830 3930 Hard fibre % cane 4.48 3.67 3.25 3.80 3.11 3.57 4.35 3.68 4.25 4.58 4.54 4.46 3.51 4.52 4.69 4.24 Pith % cane 2.92 3.49 3.13 3.18 2.45 4.24 3.85 3.51 4.21 3.34 3.74 3.77 4.03 4.28 3.76 4.03 Total fibre % cane 7.40 7.15 6.38 6.98 5.56 7.80 8.20 7.19 8.46 7.93 8.28 8.22 7.55 8.80 8.46 8.27 Fibre/pith ratio 1.54 1.05 1.04 1.21 1.27 0.84 1.13 1.08 1.01 1.37 1.21 1.20 0.87 1.05 1.25 1.06 Dry leaf Mass added/g 140 300 180 300 280 180 250 120 320 380 340 140 % gross cane 2.40 4.95 6.12 4.49 6.36 8.00 3.91 6.09 3.41 4.53 5.36 4.43 8.30 5.51 3.44 5.75 Hard fibre % cane 5.31 5.30 5.41 5.34 5.22 6.03 5.50 5.58 5.21 5.74 6.23 5.73 6.16 6.39 5.57 6.04 Pith % cane 3.60 4.64 4.49 4.24 3.91 5.57 4.87 4.78 4.97 4.24 4.93 4.71 5.78 5.60 4.47 5.28 Total fibre % cane 8.91 9.94 9.90 9.59 9.13 11.59 10.37 10.36 10.18 9.98 11.16 10.44 11.94 12.00 10.05 11.33 Fibre/pith ratio 1.47 1.14 1.21 1.27 1.34 1.08 1.13 1.18 1.05 1.35 1.27 1.22 1.07 1.14 1.25 1.15 Green leaf Mass added/g 760 820 580 960 800 760 1000 740 1200 500 1030 460 % gross cane 11.76 12.46 17.37 13.86 17.84 19.90 14.67 17.47 12.38 22.63 17.52 17.51 10.64 15.01 10.48 12.04 Hard fibre % cane 6.08 5.31 5.04 5.48 5.16 6.10 6.02 5.76 5.88 7.41 6.72 6.67 4.89 6.63 6.23 5.92 Pith % cane 3.53 4.02 3.87 3.81 3.64 4.79 4.28 4.24 4.57 4.25 4.35 4.39 4.18 4.90 4.13 4.40 Total fibre % cane 9.61 9.33 8.91 9.28 8.80 10.89 10.30 10.00 10.45 11.66 11.08 11.06 9.07 11.53 10.36 10.32 Fibre/pith ratio 1.72 1.32 1.30 1.45 1.42 1.27 1.40 1.37 1.29 1.75 1.54 1.53 1.17 1.35 1.51 1.34 Tops Mass added/g 520 700 590 440 820 780 790 530 660 410 460 510 % gross cane 8.36 10.84 17.61 12.27 9.05 20.30 15.00 14.78 10.04 17.32 10.46 12.61 8.89 7.31 11.49 9.23 Hard fibre % cane 4.72 3.79 3.53 4.01 3.55 4.17 4.27 4.00 4.81 5.64 4.47 4.97 4.27 5.04 5.21 4.84 Pith % cane 2.77 3.22 2.74 2.91 2.35 3.59 3.36 3.10 3.95 3.06 3.42 3.48 3.83 4.11 3.47 3.80 Total fibre % cane 7.49 7.01 6.27 6.92 5.90 7.75 7.62 7.09 8.76 8.70 7.90 8.45 8.10 9.15 8.68 8.64 Fibre/pith ratio 1.70 1.18 1.29 1.39 1.51 1.16 1.27 1.32 1.22 1.84 1.31 1.46 1.12 1.23 1.50 1.28 101
Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous matter on fibre/pith ratio in four cane varieties aged 44 weeks. R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 Replicates and mean 1 2 3 Mean 1 2 3 Mean 1 2 3 Mean 1 2 3 Mean Initial Mass of cane/g 4040 3480 6100 5490 3410 4560 4350 3490 3850 4330 4700 4160 Hard fibre % cane 4.40 4.14 3.59 4.04 5.62 5.86 5.65 5.71 5.00 5.69 4.59 5.09 4.40 4.36 4.42 4.39 Pith % cane 3.75 3.52 3.52 3.60 4.18 4.09 5.00 4.42 4.83 5.11 3.92 4.62 4.64 4.74 4.95 4.78 Total fibre % cane 8.15 7.66 7.11 7.64 9.81 9.94 10.66 10.13 9.83 10.81 8.51 9.71 9.03 9.10 9.37 9.17 Fibre/pith ratio 1.17 1.17 1.02 1.12 1.34 1.43 1.13 1.30 1.04 1.11 1.17 1.11 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.92 Dry leaf Mass added/g 440 660 650 540 360 700 630 550 480 580 640 420 % gross cane 9.82 15.94 9.63 11.80 8.96 9.55 13.31 10.60 12.65 13.61 11.09 12.45 11.81 11.99 9.17 10.99 Hard fibre % cane 5.58 7.23 5.52 6.11 7.22 7.50 7.51 7.41 6.26 6.75 6.21 6.41 5.93 7.03 5.95 6.30 Pith % cane 4.94 6.18 5.11 5.41 5.49 5.65 6.74 5.96 6.08 6.79 5.91 6.26 6.32 6.78 6.46 6.52 Total fibre % cane 10.52 13.41 10.62 11.52 12.71 13.15 14.25 13.37 12.34 13.54 12.12 12.67 12.25 13.81 12.41 12.83 Fibre/pith ratio 1.13 1.17 1.08 1.13 1.32 1.33 1.11 1.25 1.03 0.99 1.05 1.02 0.94 1.04 0.92 0.97 Green leaf Mass added/g 1060 760 820 860 790 1040 780 900 880 890 720 790 % gross cane 20.78 17.92 11.85 16.85 13.54 18.81 18.57 16.97 15.20 20.50 18.60 18.10 17.05 13.28 15.96 15.43 Hard fibre % cane 6.38 6.22 5.02 5.87 7.13 7.68 7.32 7.38 6.54 8.06 6.30 6.97 6.59 5.99 6.48 6.36 Pith % cane 4.29 4.00 3.80 4.03 4.47 4.46 5.41 4.78 5.10 5.55 4.35 5.00 5.13 5.10 5.32 5.18 Total fibre % cane 10.67 10.22 8.82 9.90 11.59 12.15 12.73 12.16 11.63 13.60 10.65 11.96 11.72 11.09 11.81 11.54 Fibre/pith ratio 1.49 1.56 1.32 1.45 1.60 1.72 1.35 1.56 1.28 1.45 1.45 1.40 1.29 1.17 1.22 1.23 Tops Mass added/g 510 420 420 570 560 580 420 490 390 560 540 480 % gross cane 11.21 10.77 6.44 9.47 9.41 14.11 11.28 11.60 8.81 12.31 9.20 10.10 11.45 10.31 10.34 10.70 Hard fibre % cane 4.82 4.57 3.96 4.45 6.07 6.38 6.08 6.18 5.39 6.02 4.93 5.45 5.05 4.95 5.08 5.03 Pith % cane 3.62 3.39 3.44 3.48 4.11 3.93 4.72 4.25 4.75 4.85 3.86 4.49 4.51 4.59 4.79 4.63 Total fibre % cane 8.45 7.96 7.40 7.93 10.18 10.30 10.81 10.43 10.14 10.87 8.79 9.94 9.56 9.54 9.87 9.66 Fibre/pith ratio 1.33 1.35 1.15 1.28 1.48 1.62 1.29 1.46 1.13 1.24 1.28 1.22 1.12 1.08 1.06 1.09 102
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
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dissolved and hydrated waters, and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
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Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
Page 9 and 10:
Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
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Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
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4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
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4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
Page 19 and 20:
APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
Page 21 and 22:
LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
Page 23 and 24:
Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
Page 25 and 26:
Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
Page 27 and 28:
total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
Page 29 and 30:
Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
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Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
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Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
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Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
Page 37 and 38:
Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
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Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
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Sorption is the generic term used w
Page 45 and 46:
LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
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s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
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number of 255, and cane land covere
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Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
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Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
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In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
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are: cane tops, dry and green leave
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1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
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campaign was launched to encourage
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The level of extraneous matter in c
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In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
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The effect of soil on factory perfo
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leaves increased the level of impur
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• From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
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Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
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CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
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Since the extrapolated purity of mo
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Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
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2.1.4 Results The analytical result
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Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
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Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
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Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
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Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
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0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
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1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
Page 99 and 100: esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
Page 101 and 102: 2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
Page 103 and 104: filter paper, rejecting the first f
Page 105 and 106: Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
Page 107 and 108: Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
Page 109 and 110: Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
Page 111 and 112: various components such as stalk fi
Page 113 and 114: in the presence of dry leaves, if c
Page 115 and 116: Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
Page 119 and 120: Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
Page 121 and 122: Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
Page 123 and 124: R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
Page 125 and 126: loosen the fibre. The woody core is
Page 127 and 128: agitate the mixture in the pot, and
Page 129 and 130: Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
Page 131 and 132: The extraction of fibres starting f
Page 133 and 134: pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
Page 135 and 136: Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
Page 137 and 138: not have many dry leaves attached t
Page 139 and 140: Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
Page 141 and 142: Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
Page 145 and 146: 3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
Page 147 and 148: Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
Page 149: 3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
Page 153 and 154: Snow (1974) investigated the season
Page 155 and 156: from Figure 2.9 that the change in
Page 157 and 158: Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
Page 159 and 160: 110
Page 161 and 162: (a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
Page 163 and 164: dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
Page 165 and 166: Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
Page 167 and 168: solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
Page 169 and 170: leave some residual moisture on the
Page 171 and 172: instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
Page 173 and 174: Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
Page 175 and 176: Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
Page 177 and 178: Table 4.4. Results of the determina
Page 179 and 180: In order to test for homogeneity of
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
Page 183 and 184: The experiment was repeated with th
Page 185 and 186: e any residual moisture in the samp
Page 187 and 188: By means of the same technique, Won
Page 189 and 190: was still hot. Since the filter was
Page 191 and 192: value determined could be corrected
Page 193 and 194: Qin and White’s finding was confi
Page 195 and 196: A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
Page 197 and 198: Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
Page 199 and 200: - One large fibre sample (rind) of
Page 201 and 202:
Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
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Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
Page 205 and 206:
4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
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Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
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pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
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The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
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4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
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The main difference in the two sets
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Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
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4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
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component parts, and verify the Bri
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3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
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Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
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to determine the moisture sorption
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Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
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Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
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and on agricultural products such a
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Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
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After measuring the EMC of dry corn
Page 239 and 240:
approached, that is, either by adso
Page 241 and 242:
Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
Page 243 and 244:
5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
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5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
Page 247 and 248:
Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
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Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
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Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
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30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
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m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
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vaporisation generally decreases fr
Page 259 and 260:
30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
Page 261 and 262:
4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
Page 263 and 264:
5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
Page 265 and 266:
Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
Page 277 and 278:
Table 5.28. Classification of resid
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Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
Page 281 and 282:
5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
Page 283 and 284:
Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
Page 285 and 286:
m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
Page 287 and 288:
Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
Page 289 and 290:
CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
Page 291 and 292:
where m is the equilibrium moisture
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
Page 299 and 300:
6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
Page 301 and 302:
Thus, for each cane component of ea
Page 303 and 304:
abscissa. For each moisture level (
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
A similar procedure was followed to
Page 309 and 310:
10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
Page 311 and 312:
Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
Page 313 and 314:
Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
Page 315 and 316:
Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
Page 317 and 318:
6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
Page 319 and 320:
The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
Page 321 and 322:
Table 6.7. Separation of the total
Page 323 and 324:
Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
Page 325 and 326:
3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
Page 327 and 328:
3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
Page 329 and 330:
when water is added to dry wood, wh
Page 331 and 332:
It is evident that in some cases ma
Page 333 and 334:
The number of adsorbed monolayers,
Page 335 and 336:
Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
Page 337 and 338:
particular fibre is systematically
Page 339 and 340:
Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
Page 341 and 342:
Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
Page 343 and 344:
Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
Page 345 and 346:
Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
Page 347 and 348:
Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
Page 349 and 350:
Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
Page 351 and 352:
Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
Page 353 and 354:
Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
Page 355 and 356:
Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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