Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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Table 3.13. Dry mass % cane extracted from sugarcane components. Sample aged 52 weeks Sample aged 44 weeks Sample aged 36 weeks Sample Rind Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind Stalk fibre Stalk pith R 579 1 3.58 2.30 1.85 3.99 1.47 2.31 3.83 1.42 1.81 2 3.55 1.74 2.05 4.19 1.08 1.67 3.26 1.08 1.63 3 3.67 1.04 1.86 3.21 1.31 2.13 5.29 1.18 1.78 Mean 3.60 1.69 1.92 3.80 1.29 2.04 4.13 1.22 1.74 R 570 1 3.06 1.31 1.45 5.67 1.58 1.93 6.09 1.38 2.38 2 4.69 1.51 1.78 5.81 1.60 1.87 7.15 1.18 2.08 3 5.10 1.26 1.98 6.20 1.63 1.95 6.71 0.96 1.87 Mean 4.28 1.36 1.73 5.89 1.60 1.92 6.65 1.17 2.11 M 1557/70 1 5.14 1.44 2.12 6.15 1.18 1.98 5.38 0.99 1.78 2 4.91 1.78 1.92 6.11 1.62 2.60 6.77 0.93 2.08 3 4.76 1.65 2.20 4.90 1.21 1.81 5.77 0.83 1.77 Mean 4.94 1.62 2.08 5.72 1.34 2.13 5.97 0.92 1.87 M 1400/86 1 4.26 1.38 2.39 4.91 1.27 2.13 4.73 0.90 1.86 2 4.94 1.63 2.36 5.00 1.33 2.61 6.00 0.94 2.29 3 5.19 1.50 1.96 5.02 1.41 2.41 4.35 1.27 1.99 Mean 4.80 1.50 2.24 4.98 1.34 2.38 5.02 1.03 2.05 99
3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane component parts and in cane Bernhardt (1998) in characterising the particle properties of bagasse suggested that not only the mean fibre length obtained by sieving with an assembly of sieves of apertures 6.7, 4.0, 2.8, 2.0, 1.4, 0.85, 0.60, 0.425 and 0.30 mm was important, but it was also important to have the coarse to fine ratio of bagasse, which he defined as the mass of particles retained by the sieves with apertures of 2 mm and higher, divided by the mass of particles that pass through the 0.85 mm sieve. In this work it was found much simpler to separate the fibres into two fractions, namely, one that is retained by a 1.18 mm sieve and one that passes through it. The former is referred to as fibre and the latter as fines in the case of dry leaf, green leaf, top and rind, and as pith in the case of stalk, if the hard fibre is not rendered brittle and breaks into short pieces. Results of the fibre/fines ratios of dry leaf, green leaf, top, rind and stalk in cane samples are given in Tables 3.8 – 3.11. It can be seen that irrespective of the cane variety and age, stalk has the lowest fibre/pith value, followed by dry leaf, rind, green leaf and top. By combining the mass of fibre or pith in both rind and stalk, and expressing the hard fibre, pith and total fibre in terms of % cane, some meaningful results, including the fibre/pith ratio in cane were obtained and are presented in Tables 3.14 – 3.16 for the four cane varieties of three ages. The change in these parameters due to the presence of extraneous matter, namely dry leaf, green leaf and tops, was also calculated and presented in Tables 3.14 – 3.16. Again, since the nodes had been excluded from the fibre extraction, the mass of cane was taken to be the mass of stalk plus rind only. 3.5.3.1 Effect of cane age on fibre and pith contents of cane As the cane matures, the hard fibre % cane is expected to increase, so does the total fibre % cane. Moodley (1991) tested two cane varieties aged 6 months and 19 months; with one variety, the fibre/pith ratio did not vary to a large extent, it was 2.22 and 2.27 for the 6-month and 19-month samples respectively, whereas with the other, it was 2.94 and 3.45 respectively. 100
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THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
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dissolved and hydrated waters, and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
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Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
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Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
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Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
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4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
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4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
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LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
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Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
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Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
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total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
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Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
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Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
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Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
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Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
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Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
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Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
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Sorption is the generic term used w
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LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
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s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
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number of 255, and cane land covere
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Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
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Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
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In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
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are: cane tops, dry and green leave
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1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
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campaign was launched to encourage
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The level of extraneous matter in c
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In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
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The effect of soil on factory perfo
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leaves increased the level of impur
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• From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
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Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
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CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
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Since the extrapolated purity of mo
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Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
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2.1.4 Results The analytical result
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Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
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Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
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Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
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Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
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0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
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1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
Page 97 and 98: % EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
Page 99 and 100: esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
Page 101 and 102: 2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
Page 103 and 104: filter paper, rejecting the first f
Page 105 and 106: Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
Page 107 and 108: Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
Page 109 and 110: Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
Page 111 and 112: various components such as stalk fi
Page 113 and 114: in the presence of dry leaves, if c
Page 115 and 116: Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
Page 119 and 120: Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
Page 121 and 122: Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
Page 123 and 124: R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
Page 125 and 126: loosen the fibre. The woody core is
Page 127 and 128: agitate the mixture in the pot, and
Page 129 and 130: Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
Page 131 and 132: The extraction of fibres starting f
Page 133 and 134: pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
Page 135 and 136: Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
Page 137 and 138: not have many dry leaves attached t
Page 139 and 140: Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
Page 141 and 142: Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
Page 145 and 146: 3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
Page 147: Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
Page 151 and 152: Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
Page 153 and 154: Snow (1974) investigated the season
Page 155 and 156: from Figure 2.9 that the change in
Page 157 and 158: Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
Page 159 and 160: 110
Page 161 and 162: (a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
Page 163 and 164: dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
Page 165 and 166: Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
Page 167 and 168: solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
Page 169 and 170: leave some residual moisture on the
Page 171 and 172: instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
Page 173 and 174: Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
Page 175 and 176: Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
Page 177 and 178: Table 4.4. Results of the determina
Page 179 and 180: In order to test for homogeneity of
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
Page 183 and 184: The experiment was repeated with th
Page 185 and 186: e any residual moisture in the samp
Page 187 and 188: By means of the same technique, Won
Page 189 and 190: was still hot. Since the filter was
Page 191 and 192: value determined could be corrected
Page 193 and 194: Qin and White’s finding was confi
Page 195 and 196: A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
Page 197 and 198: Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
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- One large fibre sample (rind) of
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Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
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Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
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4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
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Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
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pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
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The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
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4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
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The main difference in the two sets
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Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
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4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
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component parts, and verify the Bri
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3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
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Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
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to determine the moisture sorption
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Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
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Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
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and on agricultural products such a
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Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
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After measuring the EMC of dry corn
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approached, that is, either by adso
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Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
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5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
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5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
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Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
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Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
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Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
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30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
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m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
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vaporisation generally decreases fr
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30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
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4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
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5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
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Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
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Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
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Table 5.28. Classification of resid
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Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
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5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
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Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
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m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
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Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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where m is the equilibrium moisture
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6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
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6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
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Thus, for each cane component of ea
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abscissa. For each moisture level (
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A similar procedure was followed to
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10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
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Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
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Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
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Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
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6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
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The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
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Table 6.7. Separation of the total
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Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
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3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
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3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
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when water is added to dry wood, wh
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It is evident that in some cases ma
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The number of adsorbed monolayers,
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Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
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particular fibre is systematically
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Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
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Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
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Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
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Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
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Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
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Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
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Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
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Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
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Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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