Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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ages in Table 3.12. The material loss consists principally of the loss of water and to a much lesser extent, sucrose and other constituents of the sugar cane component parts. The greatest loss appears to be in the stalk, followed by top, rind, green leaf, and then dry leaf. For the dry leaf, the loss for the 36-week batch was 37.4%, for the 52-week batch, 40.1% and for the 44-week batch, 62.6%. This is probably because the 44-week batch samples were harvested on a rainy day; the leaves had picked up rain water and had a higher moisture content than normal. 3.5.2 Dry mass % cane extracted from sugar cane component parts From Tables 3.5 – 3.7, it is also possible to calculate the dry mass % cane extracted as rind, stalk fibre and stalk pith. The results are presented in Table 3.13. Since the nodes had been excluded from fibre extraction, the mass of cane was taken to be the mass of stalk plus rind only. The lowest dry mass extracted was from the hard fibre of the stalk, followed by stalk pith and rind. 89
Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples aged 52 weeks prior to and after fibre extraction. Mass of cane components prior to extraction/g Dry mass of cane components after extraction/g Cane source Additional material Sample Dry Green Top Stalk with rind Nodes Cane Rind Stalk Dry Top Dry Green Top Rind Stalk fibre Stalk pith leaf leaf only only leaf leaf leaf R 579 1 neg. (34) 760 280 5700 1580 7280 NA NA (20) 140 240 92.9 179.3 50.2 204.0 131.0 105.4 2 neg. (36) 820 320 5760 1940 7700 NA NA (35) 300 380 183.7 195.1 45.4 204.4 100.1 118.2 3 neg. (31) 580 220 2760 920 3680 NA NA (19) 180 370 112.9 120.7 39.3 101.3 28.6 51.4 R 570 1 neg. (32) 960 180 4420 1100 5520 NA NA (27) 300 260 180.0 221.0 47.2 135.1 57.8 64.0 2 neg. (38) 800 380 3220 1040 4260 NA NA (30) 280 440 149.7 184.7 68.4 151.0 48.5 57.2 3 neg. (31) 760 360 4420 1140 5560 NA NA (15) 180 420 110.9 172.3 41.4 225.6 55.5 87.4 M 1557/70 1 neg. (52) 1000 420 7080 2080 9160 NA NA (26) 250 370 149.8 257.4 96.7 363.6 101.6 150.3 2 neg. (42) 740 290 2530 700 3230 NA NA (14) 120 240 63.6 176.0 71.9 124.1 45.0 48.7 3 neg. (52) 1200 380 5650 1540 7190 NA NA (42) 320 280 192.5 285.8 35.8 269.2 93.1 124.3 M 1400/86 1 neg. (29) 500 160 4200 1120 5320 NA NA (49) 380 250 224.6 110.4 63.2 178.9 58.1 100.2 2 neg. (61) 1030 320 5830 2110 7940 NA NA (38) 340 140 225.5 277.2 68.4 288.2 95.0 137.7 3 neg. (30) 460 200 3930 1220 5150 NA NA (14) 140 310 77.5 126.0 60.8 203.8 58.9 77.2 Note: Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of leaves. 90
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THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
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dissolved and hydrated waters, and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
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Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
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Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
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Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
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4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
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4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
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LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
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Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
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Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
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total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
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Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
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Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
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Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
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Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
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Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
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Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
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Sorption is the generic term used w
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LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
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s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
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number of 255, and cane land covere
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Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
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Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
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In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
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are: cane tops, dry and green leave
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1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
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campaign was launched to encourage
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The level of extraneous matter in c
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In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
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The effect of soil on factory perfo
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leaves increased the level of impur
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• From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
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Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
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CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
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Since the extrapolated purity of mo
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Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
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2.1.4 Results The analytical result
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Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
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Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
Page 87 and 88: Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
Page 89 and 90: Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
Page 91 and 92: 0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
Page 93 and 94: % EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
Page 95 and 96: 1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
Page 97 and 98: % EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
Page 99 and 100: esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
Page 101 and 102: 2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
Page 103 and 104: filter paper, rejecting the first f
Page 105 and 106: Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
Page 107 and 108: Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
Page 109 and 110: Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
Page 111 and 112: various components such as stalk fi
Page 113 and 114: in the presence of dry leaves, if c
Page 115 and 116: Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
Page 119 and 120: Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
Page 121 and 122: Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
Page 123 and 124: R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
Page 125 and 126: loosen the fibre. The woody core is
Page 127 and 128: agitate the mixture in the pot, and
Page 129 and 130: Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
Page 131 and 132: The extraction of fibres starting f
Page 133 and 134: pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
Page 135 and 136: Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
Page 137: not have many dry leaves attached t
Page 141 and 142: Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
Page 145 and 146: 3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
Page 147 and 148: Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
Page 149 and 150: 3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
Page 151 and 152: Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
Page 153 and 154: Snow (1974) investigated the season
Page 155 and 156: from Figure 2.9 that the change in
Page 157 and 158: Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
Page 159 and 160: 110
Page 161 and 162: (a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
Page 163 and 164: dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
Page 165 and 166: Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
Page 167 and 168: solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
Page 169 and 170: leave some residual moisture on the
Page 171 and 172: instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
Page 173 and 174: Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
Page 175 and 176: Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
Page 177 and 178: Table 4.4. Results of the determina
Page 179 and 180: In order to test for homogeneity of
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
Page 183 and 184: The experiment was repeated with th
Page 185 and 186: e any residual moisture in the samp
Page 187 and 188: By means of the same technique, Won
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was still hot. Since the filter was
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value determined could be corrected
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Qin and White’s finding was confi
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A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
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Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
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- One large fibre sample (rind) of
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Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
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Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
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4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
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Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
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pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
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The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
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4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
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The main difference in the two sets
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Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
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4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
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component parts, and verify the Bri
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3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
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Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
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to determine the moisture sorption
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Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
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Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
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and on agricultural products such a
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Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
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After measuring the EMC of dry corn
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approached, that is, either by adso
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Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
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5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
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5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
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Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
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Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
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Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
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30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
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m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
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vaporisation generally decreases fr
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30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
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4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
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5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
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Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
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Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
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Table 5.28. Classification of resid
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Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
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5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
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Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
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m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
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Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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where m is the equilibrium moisture
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6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
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6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
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Thus, for each cane component of ea
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abscissa. For each moisture level (
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A similar procedure was followed to
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10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
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Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
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Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
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Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
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6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
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The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
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Table 6.7. Separation of the total
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Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
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3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
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3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
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when water is added to dry wood, wh
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It is evident that in some cases ma
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The number of adsorbed monolayers,
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Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
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particular fibre is systematically
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Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
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Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
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Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
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Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
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Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
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Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
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Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
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Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
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Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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