accentuation: numeral, pronoun, verb, adverb, particle ... - Biblioteka

ACCENTUATION:
NUMERAL, PRONOUN, VERB, ADVERB,
PARTICLE, PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION,
INTERJECTION
Summary
The accentuation of nouns and adjectives in standard Lithuanian is examined in
the first part of the book (A. Pakerys. Akcentologija. Kaunas: Ðviesa, 1994. D. 1). In
it are presented, in brief, the principles of the collection, processing and analysis of
data as well as other work principles. These principles are also adhered to in the
second part of the book.
The study is based on Dabartinës lietuviø kalbos þodynas (Modern Lithuanian
Dictionary) (Vilnius, 1997; 2000). All the words of the dictionary, with the exception
of dialectisms, obsolete words, words not recommended for standard usage and
linguistic units instead of which more simple words are suggested, are treated as
standard lexis.
Examples of each part of speech are examined by taking into consideration the
abundance and frequency of the word group. First, the most productive word groups
are analyzed, then words of less common structure. The abundance and frequency
of the words are demonstrated by examples illustrating the basic rules. First, the
most common words are presented, then (usually after a semicolon and, in the
chapter on the verb, after a double semicolon) common words, and finally relatively
rare words.
A rough picture of accentual tendencies in spoken Lithuanian can be formed from
the students’ questionnaire data, which are presented at the end of every subchapter.
In this book, as in the earlier one, an attempt is made to consistently apply the
morphophonological principles of accent analysis, i.e. to relate accent to word-formation.
The accentuation of numerals is discussed in the same way as that of nouns and
adjectives, i.e. the analysis starts with primary (simple) numerals and then it is extended
to suffixal, inflectional, compositional, fusional numerals, and numerals of foreign
origin. In every chapter the numerals are given in order of accent classes.
A similar description is given to the accentuation of pronouns. First, analysis is
given to primary simple pronouns of different accent classes; at the end of the

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subchapter attention is confined to pronouns of irregular accentuation. Then follows
the analysis of suffixal, inflectional, compositional, and fusional pronouns. Finally,
the focus is shifted onto the accentuation of pronominalized words, phrasal pronouns,
and pronominal forms.
In this work the author mostly follows the traditional classification of verbs into
primary, mixed, and suffixal. To these divisions are added suffixal and reflexive forms;
they generally adopt the accentual peculiarities of the underlying stem forms (only in
rare cases does the stress move onto the prefix or the reflexive marker). Such an
approach was motivated by the desire to demonstrate specific morphophonological
verbal and their prefixal and reflexive derivatives in their entirety.
The book does not analyze the accentuation of derived finite and non-finite forms:
the peculiarities of their accent have already been given fairly exhaustive consideration
in works by other authors, and the codification of the accent of the forms has practically
remained unchanged.
The accentuation of primary verbs is related to several features: 1) the nucleus
(or the basis) of the root syllable of present, simple past and infinitive forms;
2) consonants used between the nucleus of the present tense root syllable and the
stem ending; 3) the 3 rd person present tense stem ending; 4) consonants occurring
between the nucleus of the simple past tense root syllable and the stem ending; 5) the
3 rd person simple past tense stem ending; 6) consonants occurring between the nucleus
of the infinitival root syllable and the suffix -ti. In many cases these features can be
called morphophonological.
Primary (non-suffixal) verbs are grouped according to the prosodic features of
the roots of the principle forms. The first group is constituted by verbs of an acute
accent root; the finite forms of the verbs have fixed stress. The second group includes
non-acute accent circumflex or short root verbs; the 1 st and 2 nd person present and
simple past singular forms are stressed on the ending. The root of the third group of
verbs is characterized by the variability of stress: some principal forms bear an acute
accent, others a non-acute accent – this determines the place of stress in the
corresponding finite forms (present and simple past). Each group is further subdivided
into smaller ones which reflect the morphophonological peculiarities of the words in
greater detail: the prosodic root properties, stem endings, sounds occurring before
the suffix -ti or the ending of the stem, and the root vocalism.
Mixed verbs are verbs whose infinitive has a suffix and the present tense forms
lack a suffix; the simple past tense of some such verbs is constructed with a suffix
and that of other such verbs, without a suffix. In the latest works on Lithuanian such
verbs are considered suffixal; morphologically, derivationally and semantically they
are examined alongside verbs whose principal forms possess suffixes. However, mixed
verbs form a distinctive group as concerns accentuation: they may take the stress on
the suffix of the infinitive (and the simple past tense form) while the present tense
form (and the non-suffixal simple past form) may take the stress on the root. This is
not typical of suffixal verbs proper (in all their principal forms the stress falls either

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on the root or on the suffix). Besides, in certain cases the non-suffixal present tense
form of mixed verbs creates conditions for the stress to shift onto the prefix (or the
reflexive marker).
As to the accentuation of the principal forms, mixed verbs fall into four groups.
The verbs of the first and the second groups are characterized by fixed stress; the root
of all principal forms (the first group) or the suffix of the infinitive and the simple
past tense forms and the root of the present tense forms (the second group) carry an
acute accent. The third and the fourth groups include mixed verbs which have variable
stress. Their non-suffixal forms have a non-acute (circumflex or short) root; therefore,
in the 1 st and 2 nd person singular forms the stress shifts onto the ending. Such features
are characteristic of the present tense or the present and simple past forms of some
mixed verbs (the third group).
In each group are presented suffixal and their variant derivatives; where necessary,
due consideration is given to the underlying structure, meaning, and various
morphophonological properties. To derivatives proper are assigned verbs which have
only a formal termination.
Suffixal verbs are divided into two groups: verbs of fixed stress and verbs of
variable stress. The first group includes two subgroups: verbs stressed on the root
and verbs stressed on the suffix. In the first subgroup of the second group consideration
is given to verbs whose present and simple past forms have variable stress; in the
second subgroup attention is focused on the simple past tense forms only.
In each subgroup analysis is given to derivatives of individual suffixes. In
discussing the accent, first an attempt is made to analyze the derivatives of the
main allomorphs. Verbs with longer allomorphs are given separate treatment if
their peculiarities have a bearing on accent. A more detailed analysis of the suffixal
derivatives depends on accent-determining factors: the underlying form, semantic
and other properties.
In the chapter describing adverbial accent, analysis is first given to primary
(simple) adverbs, then to their suffixal and prefixal derivatives. The chapter ends
with the description of adverbialized word-combinations and individual words.
Particles (monosyllabic in particular) tend to adjoin notional (independent)
words in the sentence. Special research is needed to say exactly when the particles
lose the stress (this may depend on the number of syllables in the particle, the
position in the sentence, the rate of speech, and other factors). Still, it is possible to
make the assumption that even adjoining particles often preserve at least secondary
stress (one can hear a long vowel accent, although somewhat weakened, and feel
the position of the stress in disyllabic and polysyllabic particles).
In the present work an attempt is made to distinguish primary particles from
particles which came into existence as a result of the fossilization of individual words
or combinations of words; in some cases one can discern the word-building means,
formatives (or at least formal terminations) determining the accent of the particles.
The chapter concludes with a discussion of composite (phrasal) particles and particles
of foreign origin.

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Prepositions, of all the function words, show the strongest tendency to attach
proclitically to notional (independent) words. Disyllabic and polysyllabic prepositions
preserve at least fairly distinct secondary stress.
For simplicity, all the prepositions examined in this book are presented in stressed
form (this is also the practice in most dictionaries and grammars). Separate treatment
is given to primary (simple) prepositions, words which have turned into prepositions
(in certain cases one can discern stressed and unstressed formatives or at least a
formal termination).
Conjunctions generally occupy a proclitic position in the sentence. However,
disyllabic, polysyllabic (sometimes monosyllabic, acute in particular) conjunctions
are pronounced at least with secondary stress.
An attempt is made to distinguish primary (simple) conjunctions from words
which have turned into conjunctions or words which function as conjunctions. The
book tries to highlight some of the stress-determining formatives (terminations), to
discuss truncated and fused words, composite (phrasal) conjunctions.
The accent of non-onomatopoeic interjections (jaustukai) is related not only to
the length of vowels and the intensity of emotions but also to the origin of the
word. In this book separate analysis is given to primary (simple) interjections, single
or fused words turned into interjections, and interjections of foreign origin.
The accent of onomatopoeic interjections (ištiktukai) is partly determined by
their phonetic structure and semantic features. After a discussion of primary (simple,
non-formative) interjections, an attempt was made to relate the accentual peculiarities
of interjections to certain formatives (terminations); attention is also given to the
accentuation of composite (phrasal) interjections and interjections of foreign origin.
The aim of this research was to present as exhaustive a description of the sum
total of standard lexis as possible, not excluding less common cases, revealing the
irregularities and indeterminacy of the system. In the future, the author hopes to
prepare a work which would give an overview of the general features of the accentual
system of Lithuanian from a morphophonological standpoint, determine accentual
morpheme relations, evaluate the changes in the norms and their codification.

Pakerys, Antanas
Pa 97 Akcentologija / Antanas Pakerys. – Kaunas: Ðviesa, 1994–2002
[D.] 2. – Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijø leidybos inst., 2002. – 630 p.
– ISBN 5-420-01500-5
Antrojoje knygos dalyje nagrinëjamas skaitvardþiø, ávardþiø, veiksmaþodþiø,
prieveiksmiø, dalelyèiø, prielinksniø, jungtukø, jaustukø, iðtiktukø kirèiavimas.
Jis siejamas su þodþiø daryba, su ávairiais morfonologiniais poþymiais.
Leidinys skiriamas studentams, doktorantams, lietuviø kalbos mokytojams, tyrinëtojams
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UDK 808.82- 48
Antanas Pakerys
AKCENTOLOGIJA
II
Skaitvardis, ávardis, veiksmaþodis,
prieveiksmis, dalelytë, prielinksnis,
jungtukas, jaustukas, iðtiktukas
Redaktorë Virginija Boguðienë
Techninë redaktorë Elvyra Volkienë
Korektorës: Marijona Rezienë, Rûta Ðleþytë
Maketuotoja Marija Skirmantienë
2002 09 23. 38,14 apsk. leidyb. l. Tiraþas 1000 egz. Uþsakymas
Mokslo ir enciklopedijø leidybos institutas, L. Asanavièiûtës g. 23,
LT-2050 Vilnius. www.meli.lt. Spaudë Petro Kalibato IÁ „Petro ofsetas“,
Þalgirio g. 90, LT-2005 Vilnius