APPENDIX 1

Disclaimer:
These appendices are the integral part of the following publication:
Ehala, Martin and Zabrodskaja, Anastassia. 2014. “Hot and cold ethnicities in the Baltic
states.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 35(x), xxx-xxx.
These appendices are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
APPENDIX 1
Abbreviations:
X – Minority language (territory, culture, etc)
Y – Majority language (territory, culture etc)
NB! This version of the questionnaire is for those that self-identify as X.
General background questions
1) Gender: male, female
2) Age:
3) What ethnic group do you consider you belong to? (You can choose many options)
X, Y, other (which? specify)
4) What is your mother tongue? (You can choose many options): X, Y, other (what?
specify)
5) Where have you born? In X, Y, in other country (specify, where)
6) Where was your father born? In X, Y, in other country (specify, where)
7) Where was your mother born? In X, Y, in other country (specify, where)
8) Your marital status: not married, in non-official marriage, divorced,
widow/widower
9) How many people share the same household with you?
10) Your education:
- unfinished basic
- basic or unfinished secondary education
- secondary education
- specialized secondary education or vocational training
- higher education or scientific degree
11) Your employment status:
- businessman or self-employed entrepreneur
- employee in public sector
- employee in private sector
- employee in NGO
- pensioner
- workless
- pupil or student
- housewife
- on maternity/paternity leave
- other (specify please)
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12) How would you characterize economic situation in your family?
- Considerably below average
- Slightly below average
- Average
- Slightly above average
- Considerably above average
14) Where do you live now? (If you have many options, then choose please the main
one)
- Town
- Town
- Parish
- Parish
Section R
How do you use languages in everyday life?
Please answer to the following questions using the scale below (you can choose
two options if necessary).
Only
in X
Mainly
in X
More in
X than in
Y
Equally in
X and Y
More in
Y than in
X
Mainly
in Y
Only
in Y
In other
language
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
R01
R02
R03
R04
R05
R06
R07
R08
R09
R10
In which language are you communicating with your family members?
In which language are you communicating with your friends?
In which language are you communicating with your colleagues (classmates
or co-students)?
In which language are you communicating in your hobby activities (arts
circles, sports, etc)?
In which language are you communicating in shops and services?
In which language are you communicating with strangers in a bus, on a street,
in a shop?
In which language are the TV programs that you watch?
In which language are the radio broadcasts that you listen to?
In which language are the newspapers that you read?
In which language are the cultural events (concerts, theatre, festivals) that you
attend?
How do you assess the cultural differences between X and Y? Please indicate
your opinion on the scale.
1 – very different; 2 – different; 3 – more different than similar; 4 – hard to evaluate; 5 – more
similar than different; 6 – similar; 7 – very similar.
R11 In terms of the visual appearance, how different are the Ys and 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
you?
R12 In terms of the lifestyle, how different are the Ys and you? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
R13 In terms of the life values, how different are the Ys and you? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
R14 In terms of religious beliefs, how different are the Ys and you? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
R15 In terms of dress style, how different are the Ys and you? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
R16 In terms of daily food preferences, how different are the Ys and 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
you?
R17 In terms of free time activities, how different are the Ys and
you?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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1 – very easy; 2 – easy; 3 – rather easy than difficult; 4 – hard to answer; 5 – rather difficult
than easy; 6 – difficult; 7 – very difficult.
R18 How easy is to become a friend of a Y? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
R19 How easy is to communicate with a Y in relation to 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
studies/work?
R20 How easy is to have an acquaintance with a Y? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sections G1 and G2
Please assess the strength of X language and culture in relation to Y language
and culture. Indicate your choice on the scale (1…7).
1 (very much) – ... – 7 (very little)
G20 How much are X culture and tradition appreciated in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
the society?
G10 How much are Y culture and tradition appreciated in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
the society?
G22 How much is X language appreciated in the Y society? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
G12 How much is Y language appreciated in the Y society? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 (very many) – ... – 7 (few)
G21 How many eminent talents (writers, actors, artists, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
singers, scientists, journalists) are there among the X?
G11 How many eminent talents (writers, actors, artists, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
singers, scientists, journalists) are there among the Y?
G23 How many wealthy employers and businessmen are 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
there among the X?
G13 How many wealthy employers and businessmen are 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
there among the Y?
G24 How much is X language used in media (newspapers, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
radio, TV and internet) in Y country?
G14 How much is Y language used in media (newspapers, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
radio, TV and internet) in Y country?
G25 How much is X language used in education (nurseries, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
schools, universities) in Y country?
G15 How much is Y language used in education (nurseries, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
schools, universities) in Y country?
G2
6
G1
6
1 (quickly increases) – ... – 7 (quickly decreases)
How would you estimate the population of X (in Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
country)?
How would you estimate the population of Y (in Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
country)?
1 (very active) – ... – 7 (inactive at all)
G27 How active and powerful are Xs in the Y society? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
G17 How active and powerful are Ys in the Y society? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 (very wealthy) – ... – 7 (not wealthy at all)
G28 How wealthy are Xs in Y society? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
G18 How wealthy are Ys? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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1 (very strong) – ... – 7 (not strong at all)
G29 How strong will the X language and culture be in Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
country in 20 to 30 years in comparison with the
present?
G19 How strong will the Y language and culture be in Y
country in 20 to 30 years in comparison with the
present?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Section U
Below a number of persons are characterized. Please indicate how similar the
person portrayed by the statement is to you.
1 – very similar to me; 2 – similar to me; 3 – somewhat similar to me; 4 – somewhat
different from me; 5 –different from me; 6 – very different from me.
U01 It is important for him to make things on his own. He likes
to be free and not to depend on others. 1 2 3 4 5 6
U02 He does not want to waste time for unimportant people
and things that do not take him forward in life. It is 1 2 3 4 5 6
important for him to concentrate on achieving his goals.
U03 Self-realization is more important for him than relations to
his close ones. He is not afraid of ruining relations if these 1 2 3 4 5 6
start to disrupt the fulfilment of his goals.
U04 Success in career is more important to him as friends and
acquaintances. He would be ready to move his home when 1 2 3 4 5 6
he got a lucrative job offer, even if it would mean to lose
his existing social network.
U05 He is open to all new. He finds that traditional way of
living and old fashioned values have become hindrance to 1 2 3 4 5 6
progress.
U06 He does not feel loyalty to his locale. He is ready to live
and work everywhere if the conditions satisfy him. 1 2 3 4 5 6
U07 Following traditions is important to him. He considers
abandoning family, religious or cultural customs
inappropriate.
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1 2 3 4 5 6
U08 He values his roots. He values his heritage culture and his
birth community highly. 1 2 3 4 5 6
U09 He considers important to follow the practices of his
culture. It is important to him that his children would
value these customs and traditions, too.
1 2 3 4 5 6
U10 Linguistic and cultural purity is important to him. He tries
to avoid foreign influences in his language and behavior. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Section D
How much do you agree with the following statements?
1 (totally agree); 2 (agree); 3 (rather agree); 4 (rather disagree); 5 (disagree); 6 (totally
disagree).
D01 X should be one of official/regional languages in Y 1 2 3 4 5 6
country.
D02 The duty of Y country is to support the maintenance of X 1 2 3 4 5 6
language and culture.

D03 The situation of the X community in Y society 1 2 3 4 5 6
corresponds to international norms.
D04 Concerning the X community, the Y country follows 1 2 3 4 5 6
European democratic principles.
D05 Ys are helpful as cultural go-betweens. 1 2 3 4 5 6
D06 Ys are reliable. 1 2 3 4 5 6
D07 Xs are regarded well by Ys. 1 2 3 4 5 6
D08 Ys wish to cooperate with Xs. 1 2 3 4 5 6
D09 Ys behave under the influence of their lowest instincts. 1 2 3 4 5 6
D10 Ys are aggressive. 1 2 3 4 5 6
APPENDIX 2
The focus group interview protocol. In [cursive] some guidelines for an interviewer
are given. Still, these are general questions which should be accommodated depending
on the nuances of an interethnic situation studied.
0) Biographical background
Please introduce yourself: where were you born, your age, native language(s),
knowledge of other languages, where your family lives, citizenship etc.
1) Questions about self-identification (categorization), i.e. national and ethnical
identity
These questions should give an overview about notable identities for interviewees and
possible identity trajectories. This should give an idea, what external groups are
important for a person, a member of what group he or she would like to become or
membership in what group he or she would like to strengthen.
If to ask you who do you feel yourself, then what would you answer? “Who am I? I
am…”
With who are you identify yourself with? In addition to the above mentioned who are
you? [If the match causes a psychological confrontation, then ask in a different way.]
And if you start now imagine yourself in 10 years, then who you would like to feel
when / who you want to be?
And who you would like to be considered by people? [Converse to categories.]
[Named (were not named) several categories.] Now I would like to talk about the
emerging associations with them. What associations (positive, negative, the
connection with opportunities etc.) / feelings do you have with the word “...” (here
name a category depending on what was named in a group)? Can you say about
yourself that you are (here name a category depending on what was named in a
group)?
What do you think is the role of a language in self-identification (to which group I
belong)? Whether the language determines that who are you comparing with / whom
do you feel yourself?
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Could you please repeat what citizenship you have? Are you ready to change it?
Why? What feelings does it cause in you?
Imagine that you are visiting a friend in London. His friends came to him. How will
you introduce yourself? Tell that you are ... [who]. Why? What do you think how you
will be understood?
You home is [name a country where your respondent lives]. With what your country
is primarily associated?
And for your mother/father/grandmother/grandfather your country is ... ? (Think, try
to guess...)
You are ready to move from your country? Why? Where to? If you move somewhere,
then what do you think you would you miss most (in relation to your today’s
country)?
2) Questions about perceived cultural distance between groups (factor R)
You named who you would most like to feel in the future / where (which group) you
would very much like to belong to. [Here it is necessary to take into account the fact
that in a focus group several categories were named... Therefore it would be difficult
to develop a joint conversation because everyone can speak here about the different
groups! There could be two solutions: (1) start with the category which was named
the most frequently and turn to the person who named it first. He speaks and other
can supplement. Then take the next category. And those who did not name this
category can express their opinion on the matter hypothetically that if they wanted too
and if it would be hard. (2) Allow to each interviewee to finish his story to the end,
that is to answer the questions of the part, others may choose to supplement but their
own stories are told separately. – The decision depends on the dynamics of the
group!]
What do you need to do in order to become a member of the named group (groups)?
Do you need any transformations? What kind of? Who needs to be changed? In what
direction? Would it be difficult?
What do you think of people of this group? Do you now feel yourself similar to them
or different from them? What are the main similarities / differences you might name?
Do others see these similarities/differences, that is members of this out-group feel that
you are one of them, similar to / different from them? What about attitudes of thirdparty?
What kind of attitude do you feel from the people who are already members of this
group? [If someone answers that a sense of alienation, an interviewer can ask: what
feelings does such attitude cause?]
If informants want to become members of the out-group: Why? What is to be done for
that? Who needs to do what? Do you believe that? What do you think how much time
it might take?
If informants do not want to become members of the out-group: Why?
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Before that we were talking about the role of language. You said that… [In the case if
the interviewees said that the language defines their belonging to the group]. In order
to become a member of the group that you named do you need to change the everyday
language of communication? Are you ready / Do you agree to change your language
behavior? Why? For you it will be hard or easy?
How do you see the language situation in your country in the near future?
3) Questions about appreciation of traditions vs. utilitarianism (factor U)
Earlier we were talking about the differences [if were] – changes –
Do you agree to act in the name of the decreasing of differences – are you ready to
change yourself?
If ready to change: How would react those to whom you now belong to (your
community members)? Other important groups? For example, what your mother
would say? Father? Grandmother? Grandfather? Children? [Only then if informants
say that something negative, you start talking about the origin, the rejection of
traditions.]
How would react the group a member of which you would like to become? Would
they accept you as one of them? Why? (If yes, what should you do in order to get
accepted? And what should they do? [In the case if the interviewees said that they
would like to be accepted by the out-group] And if an out-group does not accept you,
what should you do in this case?)
This has already been discussed but still the same again: should they also do
anything?
How much do you think it is possible that it all works out?
If not ready to change: and what are the reasons that you, on the one hand, want to
become a member of this group, but, on the other hand, do not want to do anything in
the name of this?
In one word, are the barriers more internal (identity and/or in-group, cannot get over
yourself) [do not give any examples but explain in your own words if an interviewee
does not understand the question] or external (procedure for obtaining citizenship) [do
not give any examples but explain in your own words if an interviewee does not
understand the question]?
Do you have any contacts with out-group member? What kind of?
- Colleagues? If yes, what are the relations with them? How do you communicate
[languages]? Do you talk about history? Are your understandings (interpretation) of
history the same or different? Are there topics which you interpret similarly? If no,
can such situation change? Why? How? What it would mean for you?
- What if your brother / sister / best friend would find a partner among out-group
members? What it would mean for you?
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- Would it be realistic for you to fall in love with an out-group member? Marry
him/her? What it would mean for your family? Would your beloved / husband / fiancé
be accepted? Under what conditions? Would his / her family accept you? Why do you
think so?
We talked about the friends of your friend who lives in London and the fact what you
would tell them about your national / ethnic [if national / ethnic membership was
named] membership. What your family would think about your responses? What outgroup
members would think about your responses?
4) Questions about perception of ethnocultural symbolic capital (factor PSD)
A man needs a positive self-esteem and tries to achieve it through group membership.
Different groups have different power, status, achievements that all together can be
named group’s cultural mass [symbolic capital]. A group with bigger cultural mass
[symbolic capital] gives their members the opportunity for positive self-esteem but a
group with small cultural mass [symbolic capital] does not. Though, the perception of
cultural mass [symbolic capital] by in-group member depends on which our-group is
taken for comparison. It is especially important to have at least as large cultural mass
[symbolic capital] as compared out-group has.
What feelings are caused by the recognition that you are... [who]?
If interviewees say “pride” etc.: Why? [In the case of positive as well as negative
response] Is this feeling also usual for other members of your group in relation to the
group itself, to its identity? Why?
If a group was given a low status: What do you think why your group has the low
status? Is it possible to raise it? What could you do personally? What is needed for
that?
You said that in the future you would like to be…. How is it? What does it give?
What feelings does this idea cause? How would your life change?
5) Questions about perception of interethnic discordance (factor D)
Interethnic relations are not created only on the basis of a rational evaluation of the
differences, similarities, cultural and historical achievements of groups “us” and
“they”. Very weighty role play also emotions, especially in situations when in the
groups’ shared history happened oppositions in the protection of own interests.
Emotional evaluation of interethnic relations is based on two components: legitimacy
and ethics. In the case of legitimacy the determining question of whether relationships
between group “we” and group “they” are legitimate is if the status and rights of
both groups are in balance in the society. In the case of ethics the determining
assessment is how ethically and worthily “they” behave. If the total score of
interethnic justice and ethics of an out-group is high, then intergroup discordance is
low because the emotional tone of interethnic relations is friendly or neutral. If intergroup
power relations seem unfair and there is a feeling that the members of the outgroup
behave inhumanely, then intergroup discordance can be assessed as high.
If you compare the different groups in relation to language aspect, then what do you
think about their status? Is there a difference in [here name a country where
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espondents live] which group to belong to? Who live well in [here name a country
where respondents live]?
And the status of your group in the society (in the world) is fair?
If yes: how did this status appear? Who, what or how has helped?
Do other groups in [here name a country where respondents live] respect your group?
For what reasons? In what ways?
What feelings do you have associated with those groups who respect you in [here
name a country where respondents live]?
If not: why not? How is it expressed? What needs to be differently, what should be
changed? What should have been a fair assessment of your group, fair status, just
position in society?
Can you say that someone so to say “helped” or “helps” the emergence of this unfair
situation, in your opinion? Who? How? Why? (Through ignorance? Intentionally?
What do you think with what purpose?)
What do you feel about those groups who you think about that they are unfair to your
group?
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