MILIOLIDAE - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

12 EWA LUCZKOWSKA
in four larger units: Squamulinidea (?), Miliolidea, Peneroplidea and
Orbitulitidea. He next divided the Miliolidea into three groups: 1) Cornuspiridea,
comprising the genus Cornuspira Schultze, 2) Miliolidea proper,
including d'Orbigny's genera Uniloculina, Biloculina, Spiroloculina, Triloculina
and Quinqueloculina, and 3) Fabularidea, having only one genus,
Fabularia Defrance. Studying the internal structure of tests on sections,
Schlumberger was the first to pay attention to the occurrence of microand
megalospheric forms in many species and to the generic characters
present at the juvenile stage. Sections of miliolids, exhibiting their internal
structure, were known also to other investigators, like Parker (1958),
Brady (1884) and Goes (1896), who, however, did not utilize them in
classification. A great many such sections, figured in the papers by
Schlumberger & Munier-Chalmas (1885) and Schlumberger (1886, 1891
and 1893 a, b), especially in his monographic paper on the Miliolidae of the
Gulf of Marseilles (1893 a), prompted the separation of a number of
genera on the basis of their developmental characters and became the
foundation of the later classifications based on genetic relationships. The
new genera erected by Schlumberger are Sigmoilina and Massilina and
a number of others containing forms with a trematophore aperture and
separated by him in collaboration with Munier-Chalmas.
In working out the Miliolidae of the Gulf of Marseilles, Schlumberger
used the drawings gathered in d'Orbigny's unpublished plates (1826) and
sections prepared by himself. He distinguished 6 groups differing in the
arrangement of succeeding chambers: 1) group Biloculina - 2 planes of
symmetry (Biloculina, Spiroloculina, Sigmoilina), 2) group "Triloculina ­
3 planes of symmetry (Triloculina) , 3) group Quinqueloculina - 5 planes
of symmetry (Quinqueloculina, Massilina) , 4) group Adelosina - special
arrangement of two initial chambers, 5) group Planispirina - one plane of
symmetry (Cornuspira, Planispirina, Ophthalmidium), and 6) group
Vertebralina - early chambers quinqueloculine, later ones arranged
rectilinearly (Vertebralina, Articulina).
Cushman (1917) made use of Schlumberger's sections in his monograph
of the Miliolidae of the North Pacific Ocean, in which he discussed H~eir
phylogenetic development, the characters of the initial stage and the
evolution of particular groups, from the most primitive groups to the most
specialized ones: Cornuspira - Ophthalmidium - Planispirina - Spiroloculina
and derived forms - Quinqueloculina and derived forms­
Triloculina - Biloculina - Idalina and Peneroplis. So far as systematics
is concerned, he grouped them in the family Miliolidae and two subfamilies,
Cornuspirininae and Quinqueloculininae.
In 1927 Cushman published his outline of classification of the Foraminifera,
later revised and complemented several times, at that time the
first and only synthetic elaboration of the Foraminifera on genetic
relationships. As regards the miliolids, in the first draft their classification