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100<br />
thick bark of the stem gives a yellow dye called Dsumtby boiling<br />
it<br />
with water and coagulating the extract with alum.<br />
364. Rllbia cordifolia, L., Jap. Akane ; a perennial<br />
wild climber of the order RubiaceaB. The petioles and tendrils<br />
are much provided with recurved prickles. In summer it<br />
produces<br />
small white flowers, which are succeeded with small round black<br />
berries. Formerly the roots were collected in winter and used for<br />
red<br />
dying.<br />
365. Galium verum, Z., Jap. Kawara-matsuba ; a<br />
perennial wild herb of the order Rubiaceas, growing about 1.5 fts.<br />
high. In autumn it<br />
produces small yellowish white flowers<br />
disposed in panicles at the top of the young branches. In winter<br />
the roots are collected and used as a red dye. The roots sold as<br />
madder in commerce are mostly those of this plant.<br />
366. Gardenia florida, L., Jap. Kuchinashi ; an<br />
evergreen shrub of the order "Rubiaceae. It is<br />
grown wild in<br />
warm regions, but much planted in gardens. The stem is 6-7 fts.<br />
high. In summer it bears 6'<br />
petaled white flowers, which turn<br />
yellow afterwards. The fruits are oblong and tapering at both<br />
ends, with longitudinal angles. The fully ripen deep yellow fruits<br />
are preserved after drying and used as a yellow dye or medicine;<br />
This tree is esteemed for gardens on account of the lustrous leaves<br />
and fragrant flowers. The petals are eaten as a vegetable.<br />
367. Carthamus tinctorius, L., Safflower, Jap. Benibana,<br />
Suye-tsumu-hana ; a biennial cultivated plant of the order<br />
Compositae, growing in summer 4-5 fts. high. The stems and<br />
leaves are provided with sharp thorns. The reddish yellow<br />
flowers produced at the head of the branches are collected early<br />
called Bent, which<br />
in every morning and dried to make a red dye<br />
is used as a cosmetic by women. The seeds give an oil, and the<br />
young leaves serve as a vegetable.<br />
368. Dyospyros lotus, L., Jap. Skina-no-ki^ Saru-gaki,<br />
Mame-gaki ; a deciduous tree of the order Kbenacea3 cultivated<br />
in cold regions. The stem is 10 fts. or more high. After new