Initial Conquest of India by Turks and Their Slaves - IOSR
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Local perspective, aspiration and women empowerment in housing development in Africa: Nigeria [13] Asiyanbola R. A. and Filani M. O. (2008b) “Gender and house ownership in Africa – Nigeria: An empirical study” International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Published by the Postgraduate School, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria) Vol. 1, No. 1. pp. 1-12 [14] Asiyanbola R. A. and Filani M. O. (2007) “Perception and involvement of women [15] in housing development in Nigeria” Journal of Environment and Culture (Published by the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria) Vol. 4, Number 2, pp. 1-22 [16] Asiyanbola R. A. (1997) “Housing Studies and gender Issues: A Review of literature” In Bayo Amole (ed). The House in Nigeria history Place, environment and development Proceedings of a National symposium 23 rd – 24 th July held at the Conference Centre, Obafemi Awolowo University , Ile Ife pp. 89 – 92. [17] Aweda A. David (1984) “Sex-Role Inequalities in the African Family: Contemporary Implications”. Ife Social Sciences Review Vol. 7, No. 1 & 2 pp. 188-197. [18] Ayeni B. (1994) “The metropolitan area of Ibadan its growth and structure” in Filan M. O.; Akintola F. O.; and Ikporukpo C. O. (eds.) Ibadan Region Rex Charles Publication Ibadan, pp. 72-84. [19] Ayeni B. (1982) Map of Land-use Patterns in Ibadan, Unpublished cited in Abumere S. I. (1994) “Residential differentiation in Ibadan: Some sketches of an explanation” in Filan M. O.; Akintola F. O.; and Ikporukpo C. O. (eds.) Ibadan Region Rex Charles Publication Ibadan, pp. 72-84 [20] Bernard Jessie (1981) “The Good-Provider Role: Its Rise and Fall” American Psychologist, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 1-12. [21] Carrigan Tim, Connell Bob, and Lee, John (1987) “The „Sex-Role‟ Framework and the Sociology of Masculinity” in Weiner Gaby and Arnut, Madeleine (eds.) Gender Under Scrutiny: New Inquiries in Education. London: Hutchinson. [22] Cater, J. and Trevor, J. (1989) Social Geography, London: Edward Arnold [23] Filani, M.O.; Akintola, F.O. and Ikporukpo, C.O. (eds.) (1994) Ibadan Region, Rex Charles, Ibadan, Nigeria. [24] Fishbein, m. and I. Ajzen (1975) Belief, attitude, intention and behaviour: An introduction to theory and research. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company: Reading, Massachusetts; pp. 336. [25] Hartshorn, A. Truman (1992) Interpreting the city: An Urban Geography. John Wiley, New York. [26] Hayden, D. and Wright G. (1976) “Architecture and Urban Planning” Signs 1, 923:933. [27] Humm, M. (1989) The Dictionary of Feminist Theory. Harvester Wheatsheaf, London.Johnston, R.J. (1998) Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography Since 1945. Edward Arnold: London. [28] Knox Paul (1992) Urban Social Geography: An Introduction, Longman & John Wiley, New York. Kramarae Cheris, (1992) “The Condition of Patriarchy”. In Kramarae C. and Spender D. (eds.) The Knowledge Explosion: Generations of Feminist Scholarship. Athene Series, Teachers College Press, London, pp. 397-405 [29] Lerner G. (1986) The Creation of Patriarchy. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Mabogunje, A. (1962) “The Growth of Residential Districts in Ibadan”. The Geographical Review, 52(1), 56-77. [30] Mabogunje, A. L. (1968) Urbanization in Nigeria, London University Press, London, pp. 186-237. [31] Merlo Rosangela and McDonald (2002) Outcomes of home-ownership aspirations and their determinants. Australian National University Research Centre, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute. [32] Moser C, O.N (1992) “Housing” in Ostrgaard Lise (ed.) Gender and Development: a Practical Guide. Routledge, London, pp. 76- 93. [33] Moser Caroline O.N. (1993) Gender, Planning and Development: Theory, Practice and Training, Routledge, London. [34] NISER, (1988) Socio-Economic Survey of Ibadan City Report of a Survey Commission by the Ibadan Metropolitan Planning Authority (IMPA), NISER, Ibadan.Olatubara C. O. (2003) “The participation of women in residential location decision-making in Ibadan, Nigeria” Journal of the NITP, Vol. XVI, No. 1, October, pp.19-33 [35] Onibokun „Poju (1983) Issues in Nigeria Housing, NISER, Ibadan, pp. 45-65. [36] Onibokun, G.A. (ed.) (1985) Housing in Nigeria: (A Book of Readings), NISER, Ibadan, pp. 65-83. [37] Peterson Rebecca: Wekerle Gerda, R. and Morley David (1978) “Women and Environments: An Overview of an Emerging Field”. Environment and Behaviour, vol. 10, No. 4, p. 511-534. [38] Short, J. P. (1996) The Urban Order: An Introduction to Cities, Culture and Power. Blackwell, U.S.A. [39] Silberschmidt Margrethe (1999) Women Forget that Men are the Masters” Gender Antagonism and socio-economic change in Kisii District, Kenya. Nordiska Afrikairstitutet, Sweden. [40] Stacey, Jackie (1993) “Untangling Feminist theory” In: Richardson D, Robinson, V. (eds.) Introducing Women’s Studies: Feminist Theory and Practice. Macmillian London, pp. 49-73. [41] Stock Robert (1995) Africa South of the Sahara: a Geographical Interpretation. Guilford Press New York. [42] UNCHS (1996) An Urbanizing World: Global Report on Human Settlements, United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (HABITAT) Oxford University Press. [43] Woods Robertsa (1994) „Introduction‟ In Gilroy Rose and Woods Roberta (eds.) Housing women, Routledge, London. [44] Young Kate (1995) Planning Development with women: Making a World of Difference. Macmillan, London. www.iosrjournals.org 22 | Page

IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (JHSS) ISSN: 2279-0837, ISBN: 2279-0845. Volume 5, Issue 4(Nov. - Dec. 2012), PP 23-33 Www.Iosrjournals.Org Internal Conflicts and African Development: The Nigerian Experience Nwanegbo, Chukwuemeka Jaja Department of Political Science Anambra State University, Igbariam Campus Abstract: The work was guided by the interest to find out what the causes of internal conflicts in Africa are, the impacts and the general affect on the under-development nature of Africa in general and Nigeria in particular. To get these objectives achieved, some leading questions were asked to help enquiring into these areas. First, it tries to find out if high incidence of poverty accounts for the persistence of internal conflicts in Nigeria and secondly, to know whether the low level of development in Africa today is a consequence of persisting internal conflicts. Guided by the relative deprivation theory, the paper came up with the findings that internal conflict and undemocratisation stalls the Nigerian development and indeed African development. Based on these, the paper made the suggestions in the form of conflict resolution strategy that could put the African countries out of contentions and conflicts and in the part of development. Key words: Conflict, Internal Conflicts and Development. I. Introduction Literature on conflict all over the world and Africa specifically is littered with the notion of the predominance of internal or inter-group conflict over international conflicts (Vogt and Aminu, 1996; Okafor, 1997; Okwueze, 1997; Riley, 1998; Elaigwu, 2005; Nwanegbo, 2005b, 2006, 2008). Hardly would one read the dailies or listen to the radio, both local and foreign or the television without getting the news of domestic problems. It is obtainable worldwide but assumes chronic level in the Africa Countries. Indeed, Riley (1998) noted that most African conflicts were intra-statal rather than interstatal, although they do have a much broader impact by fuelling regional parallel economics in light arms and assets, generating displaced refugee populations, and creating exiled communities. Most African conflicts are thus becoming highly internationalized both in their effects and in the efforts of various parties to prevent, manage or resolve them. It follows that the consequences of internal conflict are much and not only on the warring states alone but also to the other countries either bordering with them, existing within the same regional line or having interest of the conflicting nations. It hinders the countries politically, economically and also on social stability and consequently, all of them leads to problems of development in Africa. Development in this context goes beyond individual country’s development. It has to do with African development. Conflict creates refugee problem to other countries, it sets neighbouring and interested countries apart, and it distracts and distorts the principles on which regional developmental organizations are based. For instance, Economic Commission for West African States (ECOWAS) virtually left its traditional economic interest and objectives and went into very expensive peacekeeping operation. It breeds crimes and other social ills in the warring country and accommodating neighboring countries. One highly supported argument in the African underdevelopment is the unequal relationship existing between African countries and the western capitalist countries. This was both on unequal exchange and or terms of relationship and international division of labour. These lead to the establishment of the continental/regional organizations like the Organization of African Unity (OAU), Economic Commission of West African States (ECOWAS) in Africa, simply to enhance unity, cooperation and co-ordination of resources to pull through the excruciating relationship of the countries and continent with the western capitalism. Some other organizations also were established by other International Organizations to enhance third world development (at least on the economic side) like United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), World Bank etc. Still, they could not, for as long as they have existed, engendered development in Africa or even economic progress. Record of underdevelopment for all these long, keeps rising. But noticeably, rising with it is the records of internal conflict in most countries in Africa. Even those countries not known before for destructive conflict now top the list. This calls for investigation. Hence, this work seeks to investigate the place of internal conflict and its effect on African underdevelopment conditions (raise pertinent questions) and accordingly explore the ways of mitigating the incidence of conflict and hence achieve the much-needed development in Africa. In the cause of this study, we limited our empirical study to Nigerian experience. The reason for selecting Nigeria is because Nigeria presents a good example of an average African country with numerous ethnic groups, religious groups, interest groups and other forms of groupings and also has experienced www.iosrjournals.org 23 | Page

Local perspective, aspiration <strong>and</strong> women empowerment in housing development in Africa: Nigeria<br />

[13] Asiyanbola R. A. <strong>and</strong> Filani M. O. (2008b) “Gender <strong>and</strong> house ownership in Africa – Nigeria: An empirical study” International<br />

Journal <strong>of</strong> Multidisciplinary Research (Published <strong>by</strong> the Postgraduate School, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun<br />

State, Nigeria) Vol. 1, No. 1. pp. 1-12<br />

[14] Asiyanbola R. A. <strong>and</strong> Filani M. O. (2007) “Perception <strong>and</strong> involvement <strong>of</strong> women<br />

[15] in housing development in Nigeria” Journal <strong>of</strong> Environment <strong>and</strong> Culture (Published <strong>by</strong> the Department <strong>of</strong> Archaeology <strong>and</strong><br />

Anthropology, University <strong>of</strong> Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria) Vol. 4, Number 2, pp. 1-22<br />

[16] Asiyanbola R. A. (1997) “Housing Studies <strong>and</strong> gender Issues: A Review <strong>of</strong> literature” In Bayo Amole (ed). The House in Nigeria<br />

history Place, environment <strong>and</strong> development Proceedings <strong>of</strong> a National symposium 23 rd – 24 th July held at the Conference Centre,<br />

Obafemi Awolowo University , Ile Ife pp. 89 – 92.<br />

[17] Aweda A. David (1984) “Sex-Role Inequalities in the African Family: Contemporary Implications”. Ife Social Sciences Review<br />

Vol. 7, No. 1 & 2 pp. 188-197.<br />

[18] Ayeni B. (1994) “The metropolitan area <strong>of</strong> Ibadan its growth <strong>and</strong> structure” in Filan M. O.; Akintola F. O.; <strong>and</strong> Ikporukpo C. O.<br />

(eds.) Ibadan Region Rex Charles Publication Ibadan, pp. 72-84.<br />

[19] Ayeni B. (1982) Map <strong>of</strong> L<strong>and</strong>-use Patterns in Ibadan, Unpublished cited in Abumere S. I. (1994) “Residential differentiation in<br />

Ibadan: Some sketches <strong>of</strong> an explanation” in Filan M. O.; Akintola F. O.; <strong>and</strong> Ikporukpo C. O. (eds.) Ibadan Region Rex Charles<br />

Publication Ibadan, pp. 72-84<br />

[20] Bernard Jessie (1981) “The Good-Provider Role: Its Rise <strong>and</strong> Fall” American Psychologist, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 1-12.<br />

[21] Carrigan Tim, Connell Bob, <strong>and</strong> Lee, John (1987) “The „Sex-Role‟ Framework <strong>and</strong> the Sociology <strong>of</strong> Masculinity” in Weiner Ga<strong>by</strong><br />

<strong>and</strong> Arnut, Madeleine (eds.) Gender Under Scrutiny: New Inquiries in Education. London: Hutchinson.<br />

[22] Cater, J. <strong>and</strong> Trevor, J. (1989) Social Geography, London: Edward Arnold<br />

[23] Filani, M.O.; Akintola, F.O. <strong>and</strong> Ikporukpo, C.O. (eds.) (1994) Ibadan Region, Rex Charles, Ibadan, Nigeria.<br />

[24] Fishbein, m. <strong>and</strong> I. Ajzen (1975) Belief, attitude, intention <strong>and</strong> behaviour: An introduction to theory <strong>and</strong> research. Addison-Wesley<br />

Publishing Company: Reading, Massachusetts; pp. 336.<br />

[25] Hartshorn, A. Truman (1992) Interpreting the city: An Urban Geography. John Wiley, New York.<br />

[26] Hayden, D. <strong>and</strong> Wright G. (1976) “Architecture <strong>and</strong> Urban Planning” Signs 1, 923:933.<br />

[27] Humm, M. (1989) The Dictionary <strong>of</strong> Feminist Theory. Harvester Wheatsheaf, London.Johnston, R.J. (1998) Geography <strong>and</strong><br />

Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography Since 1945. Edward Arnold: London.<br />

[28] Knox Paul (1992) Urban Social Geography: An Introduction, Longman & John Wiley, New York. Kramarae Cheris, (1992) “The<br />

Condition <strong>of</strong> Patriarchy”. In Kramarae C. <strong>and</strong> Spender D. (eds.) The Knowledge Explosion: Generations <strong>of</strong> Feminist Scholarship.<br />

Athene Series, Teachers College Press, London, pp. 397-405<br />

[29] Lerner G. (1986) The Creation <strong>of</strong> Patriarchy. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Mabogunje, A. (1962) “The Growth <strong>of</strong> Residential<br />

Districts in Ibadan”. The Geographical Review, 52(1), 56-77.<br />

[30] Mabogunje, A. L. (1968) Urbanization in Nigeria, London University Press, London, pp. 186-237.<br />

[31] Merlo Rosangela <strong>and</strong> McDonald (2002) Outcomes <strong>of</strong> home-ownership aspirations <strong>and</strong> their determinants. Australian National<br />

University Research Centre, Australian Housing <strong>and</strong> Urban Research Institute.<br />

[32] Moser C, O.N (1992) “Housing” in Ostrgaard Lise (ed.) Gender <strong>and</strong> Development: a Practical Guide. Routledge, London, pp. 76-<br />

93.<br />

[33] Moser Caroline O.N. (1993) Gender, Planning <strong>and</strong> Development: Theory, Practice <strong>and</strong> Training, Routledge, London.<br />

[34] NISER, (1988) Socio-Economic Survey <strong>of</strong> Ibadan City Report <strong>of</strong> a Survey Commission <strong>by</strong> the Ibadan Metropolitan Planning<br />

Authority (IMPA), NISER, Ibadan.Olatubara C. O. (2003) “The participation <strong>of</strong> women in residential location decision-making in<br />

Ibadan, Nigeria” Journal <strong>of</strong> the NITP, Vol. XVI, No. 1, October, pp.19-33<br />

[35] Onibokun „Poju (1983) Issues in Nigeria Housing, NISER, Ibadan, pp. 45-65.<br />

[36] Onibokun, G.A. (ed.) (1985) Housing in Nigeria: (A Book <strong>of</strong> Readings), NISER, Ibadan, pp. 65-83.<br />

[37] Peterson Rebecca: Wekerle Gerda, R. <strong>and</strong> Morley David (1978) “Women <strong>and</strong> Environments: An Overview <strong>of</strong> an Emerging Field”.<br />

Environment <strong>and</strong> Behaviour, vol. 10, No. 4, p. 511-534.<br />

[38] Short, J. P. (1996) The Urban Order: An Introduction to Cities, Culture <strong>and</strong> Power. Blackwell, U.S.A.<br />

[39] Silberschmidt Margrethe (1999) Women Forget that Men are the Masters” Gender Antagonism <strong>and</strong> socio-economic change in<br />

Kisii District, Kenya. Nordiska Afrikairstitutet, Sweden.<br />

[40] Stacey, Jackie (1993) “Untangling Feminist theory” In: Richardson D, Robinson, V. (eds.) Introducing Women’s Studies: Feminist<br />

Theory <strong>and</strong> Practice. Macmillian London, pp. 49-73.<br />

[41] Stock Robert (1995) Africa South <strong>of</strong> the Sahara: a Geographical Interpretation. Guilford Press New York.<br />

[42] UNCHS (1996) An Urbanizing World: Global Report on Human Settlements, United Nations Centre for Human Settlements<br />

(HABITAT) Oxford University Press.<br />

[43] Woods Robertsa (1994) „Introduction‟ In Gilroy Rose <strong>and</strong> Woods Roberta (eds.) Housing women, Routledge, London.<br />

[44] Young Kate (1995) Planning Development with women: Making a World <strong>of</strong> Difference. Macmillan, London.<br />

www.iosrjournals.org<br />

22 | Page

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