Etudes et évaluation de processus océaniques par des hiérarchies ...

Etudes et évaluation de processus océaniques par des hiérarchies ... Etudes et évaluation de processus océaniques par des hiérarchies ...

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238 64 CHAPTER 11. SOLUTION OF EXERCISES Exercise 16: (x r ,y r ) = R(cos(ωt), sin(ωt)), (u r ,v r ) = ωR(− sin(ωt), cos(ωt)) ∂ t (u r ,v r ) = −ω 2 R(cos(ωt), sin(ωt)) putting it together: ((−ω 2 R − fωR − f 2 /4R) cos(ωt), (−ω 2 R − fωR − f 2 /4R) sin(ωt)) = 0, which is satisfied if and only if ω = −f/2 Exercise 17: now the centrifugal force is balanced by the slope of the free surface and we have ((−ω 2 R − fωR) cos(ωt), 0 which is satisfied if and only if ω = −f (compare to previous exercise)! Exercise 28: tel-00545911, version 1 - 13 Dec 2010 The potential energy released per unit length (in the transverse direction): E pot = 2 1 2 ρgη2 0 ∫ ∞ 0 (1 − (1 − exp(−x/a)))dx = 3 2 ρgη2 0a. (11.4) The kinetic energy in the equilibrium (final) solution per unit length (in the transverse direction): E kin = 2 1 ∫ ∞ 2 ρHg2 η0(fa) 2 −2 exp(−2x/a)dx = 1 2 ρgη2 0a. (11.5) 0 So energy is NOT conserved during the adjustment process. Indeed waves transport energy from the region where the adjustment occurs to ±∞. Exercise 30: Calculus tells us that: d dt ( ) ζ + f = 1 H + η d (ζ + f) − ζ H + η dt + f d (H + η) 2 dt η. So take ∂ x of eq.(5.39) and substract ∂ y of eq. (5.38) to obtain: After some algebra one obtains: and eq. (5.40) gives ∂ t ∂ x v +∂ x (u∂ x v) + ∂ x (v∂ v v) + f∂ x u + g∂ xy η −∂ t ∂ y u −∂ y (u∂ x u) − ∂ y (v∂ v u) + f∂ y v − g∂ xy η = 0. d dt (ζ + f) = −(ζ + f)(∂ xu + ∂ y v), d dt η = −(H + η)(∂ xu + ∂ y v), putting this together gives the conservation of potential vorticity.

239 65 Exercise 32: The moment of inertia is L = Iω = mr 2 /2ω = mρV/(4π)ω/H where we used, that the volume V of a cylinder is given by V = 2πr 2 H. As the mass and the volume are constant during the stretching of flattening process we obtain that conservation of angular momentum implies that ω/H is constant. Exercise 38: The (kinetic) energy is given by: E = α(U 2 + V 2 ), where the constant α = Aρ/(2H) is the horizontal surface area times the density divided by twice the layer thickness. ∂ t E = α(∂ t U 2 + ∂ t V 2 ) = α2(U∂ t U+V ∂ t V ) using eqs. (6.13) and (6.13) we obtain ∂ t E = α(fV U+Uτ x −fUV ) = 0, as the velocity is perpendicular to the forcing, that is, U = 0. tel-00545911, version 1 - 13 Dec 2010 Exercise 41: Summing the first and the third line of the matrix equation gives U 1 + U 2 = 0, summing the second and the fourth line of the matrix equation gives f(V 1 + V 2 ) = τ x . Eliminating U 2 and V 2 in the first and third equation we obtain: ˜rU 1 − fV 1 = τ x fU 1 + ˜rV 1 = (r/f)τ x . with ˜r = r(H 1 + H 2 )/(H 1 H 2 ) solving this equations give: U 1 = rτ x f 2 + ˜r 2 1 H 1 V 1 = − rτ x f 2 + ˜r 2(f r + U 2 = − rτ x f 2 + ˜r 2 1 V 2 = H 1 rτ x ˜r f 2 + ˜r 2 fH 1 ˜r fH 2 )

239<br />

65<br />

Exercise 32:<br />

The moment of inertia is L = Iω = mr 2 /2ω = mρV/(4π)ω/H where we used, that the volume<br />

V of a cylin<strong>de</strong>r is given by V = 2πr 2 H. As the mass and the volume are constant during the<br />

str<strong>et</strong>ching of flattening process we obtain that conservation of angular momentum implies that<br />

ω/H is constant.<br />

Exercise 38:<br />

The (kin<strong>et</strong>ic) energy is given by: E = α(U 2 + V 2 ), where the constant α = Aρ/(2H) is the<br />

horizontal surface area times the <strong>de</strong>nsity divi<strong>de</strong>d by twice the layer thickness. ∂ t E = α(∂ t U 2 +<br />

∂ t V 2 ) = α2(U∂ t U+V ∂ t V ) using eqs. (6.13) and (6.13) we obtain ∂ t E = α(fV U+Uτ x −fUV ) =<br />

0, as the velocity is perpendicular to the forcing, that is, U = 0.<br />

tel-00545911, version 1 - 13 Dec 2010<br />

Exercise 41:<br />

Summing the first and the third line of the matrix equation gives U 1 + U 2 = 0, summing the<br />

second and the fourth line of the matrix equation gives f(V 1 + V 2 ) = τ x . Eliminating U 2 and<br />

V 2 in the first and third equation we obtain:<br />

˜rU 1 − fV 1 = τ x<br />

fU 1 + ˜rV 1 = (r/f)τ x .<br />

with ˜r = r(H 1 + H 2 )/(H 1 H 2 ) solving this equations give:<br />

U 1 =<br />

rτ x<br />

f 2 + ˜r 2 1<br />

H 1<br />

V 1 = − rτ x<br />

f 2 + ˜r 2(f r +<br />

U 2 = − rτ x<br />

f 2 + ˜r 2 1<br />

V 2 =<br />

H 1<br />

rτ x ˜r<br />

f 2 + ˜r 2 fH 1<br />

˜r<br />

fH 2<br />

)

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