Etudes et évaluation de processus océaniques par des hiérarchies ...
Etudes et évaluation de processus océaniques par des hiérarchies ... Etudes et évaluation de processus océaniques par des hiérarchies ...
176 2 . Il libro della natura è scritto in lingua matematica (The book of nature is written in the language of mathematics) Galileo Galilei tel-00545911, version 1 - 13 Dec 2010
177 Contents 1 Preface 5 tel-00545911, version 1 - 13 Dec 2010 2 Observing the Ocean 7 2.1 Geometry of the Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2 Variables measured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3 Physical properties of sea water 9 3.1 Salinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2 Temperature and Potential Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.3 θ-S Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.4 Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.5 Density and σ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.6 Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.7 Conservative Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.8 Water Masses in the Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.9 Sea Ice and Ice Bergs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4 Surface fluxes, the forcing of the ocean 17 4.1 Heat Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.1.1 Radiative Fluxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.1.2 Sensible Heat Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.1.3 Latent Heat Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.1.4 Other Heat Fluxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.2 Fresh Water Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.3 Wind Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.4 What about tides? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 5 Dynamics of the Ocean 21 5.1 From the Navier-Stokes to the Shallow Water Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 5.2 The Linearized One Dimensional Shallow Water Equation̸ s . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5.3 Reduced Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5.4 Two Dimensional Stationary Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.5 Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5.6 The Coriolis Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5.7 The Shallow Water Equations in a Rotating Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 5.8 Geostrophic Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 5.9 Energetics of flow in Geostrophic Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 5.10 Linear Potential Vorticity and the Rossby Adjustment Problem . . . . . . . . . 30 5.11 Potential Vorticity (non-linear) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3
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176<br />
2<br />
.<br />
Il libro <strong>de</strong>lla natura è scritto in lingua matematica<br />
(The book of nature is written in the language of mathematics)<br />
Galileo Galilei<br />
tel-00545911, version 1 - 13 Dec 2010
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