Etude de la combustion de gaz de synthèse issus d'un processus de ...
Etude de la combustion de gaz de synthèse issus d'un processus de ... Etude de la combustion de gaz de synthèse issus d'un processus de ...
Chapter 2 1812: Developed first gasifier which uses oil as fuel; 1840: First commercially used gasifier was built in France; 1850: most of the city of London was illuminated by ‘‘town gas’’ produced from the gasification of coal. 1861: Real breakthrough in technology with introduction of Siemens gasifier. This gasifier is considered to be first successful unit; 1878: Gasifiers were successfully used with engines for power generation; 1900: First 600 hp gasifier was exhibited in Paris. Thereafter, larger engines up to 5400 hp were put into service; tel-00623090, version 1 - 13 Sep 2011 1901: J.W. Parker runs a passenger vehicle with syngas; 1901 to 1920: In the period 1901-1920, many gasifier-engine systems were sold and used for power and electricity generation; 1930: Nazi Germany accelerated effort to convert existing vehicles to syngas drive as part of plan for national security and independence from imported oil. Begin development of small automotive and portable gasifiers. British and French Governments felt that automotive charcoal syngas is more suitable for their colonies where supply of gasoline was scarce and wood that could charred to charcoal was readily available 1939: About 250,000 vehicles were registered in Sweden. Out of them, 90% were converted to syngas drive. Almost all of the 20,000 tractors were operated on syngas. 40% of the fuel used was wood and remainder charcoal. Figure 2.1- Motor vehicle and tractor converted to run on syngas. 1940 to 1945: more than one million vehicles run in Europe during World War II with syngas due to shortages of gasoline (Reed and Das, 1988). However, the low value of fossil fuels soon after the war caused by the interruption and disaffection gasification 19
Bibliographic revision point today to be difficult to reproduce in the laboratory that was routine in the decade of 40. Figure 2.2 - Inland Sea and converted vehicles to run on syngas 1945: After end of Second World War, with plentiful gasoline and diesel available at low cost, gasification technology lost glory and importance. tel-00623090, version 1 - 13 Sep 2011 1950 - 1970: During these decades, gasification was a “Forgotten Technology ". Many governments in Europe felt that consumption of wood at the prevailing rate will reduce the forest, creating several environmental problems. The year 1970´s brought a renewed interest in the technology for power generation at small scale. Since then work is also concentrated to use fuels other than wood and charcoal. Currently, due to the rising petroleum prices and the environmental problems associated with its use, it becomes imperative to search for alternatives and gasification is historically the chosen technology. 2.1.2 Gasification process Gasification is the thermo-chemical conversion of a carbonaceous fuel at high temperatures, involving partial oxidation of the fuel elements (Higman and Burgt, 2003). The result of the gasification is a fuel gas - the so-called syngas - consisting mainly of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), water vapor (H 2 O), methane (CH 4 ), nitrogen (N 2 ), some hydrocarbons in very low quantity and contaminants, such as carbon particles, tar and ash. Gasification takes place in a reactor, called gasifier, in the presence of an oxidizing agent that may be the pure oxygen, steam, air or combinations of these. Inside the gasifier, regardless of their nature, occur simultaneously in several cases for which there is still no consensus within the scientific community. Three or four steps are usually referred to. In the context of thermal sciences, the reactions of gasification are 20
- Page 1 and 2: THÈSE Pour l’obtention du Grade
- Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgements Acknowledgements T
- Page 5 and 6: Résumé __________________________
- Page 7 and 8: Nomenclature Nomenclature Roman tel
- Page 9 and 10: Nomenclature Subscripts tel-0062309
- Page 11 and 12: Contents tel-00623090, version 1 -
- Page 13 and 14: Contents 6.4. SYNGAS FUELLED-ENGINE
- Page 15 and 16: Introduction CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
- Page 17 and 18: Introduction proves to have higher
- Page 19 and 20: Introduction Chapter 3 - Experiment
- Page 21: Bibliographic revision CHAPTER 2 BI
- Page 25 and 26: Bibliographic revision - Boudouard
- Page 27 and 28: Bibliographic revision Table 2.1 -
- Page 29 and 30: Bibliographic revision Biomass Dryi
- Page 31 and 32: Bibliographic revision Circulating
- Page 33 and 34: Bibliographic revision or eliminate
- Page 35 and 36: Bibliographic revision established
- Page 37 and 38: Bibliographic revision Hydrogen Hyd
- Page 39 and 40: Bibliographic revision of low moist
- Page 41 and 42: Bibliographic revision scrubbing an
- Page 43 and 44: Bibliographic revision suggests tha
- Page 45 and 46: Bibliographic revision 1 d( δ A) 1
- Page 47 and 48: Bibliographic revision Since n is
- Page 49 and 50: Bibliographic revision 2 ( rsr ) 2
- Page 51 and 52: Bibliographic revision This evoluti
- Page 53 and 54: Bibliographic revision The burning
- Page 55 and 56: Bibliographic revision δVG = − a
- Page 57 and 58: Bibliographic revision 2 1 − −
- Page 59 and 60: Bibliographic revision where the su
- Page 61 and 62: Bibliographic revision the stretche
- Page 63 and 64: Bibliographic revision burning velo
- Page 65 and 66: Experimental set ups and diagnostic
- Page 67 and 68: Experimental set ups and diagnostic
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Bibliographic revision<br />
point today to be difficult to reproduce in the <strong>la</strong>boratory that was routine in the <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong><br />
of 40.<br />
Figure 2.2 - In<strong>la</strong>nd Sea and converted vehicles to run on syngas<br />
1945: After end of Second World War, with plentiful gasoline and diesel avai<strong>la</strong>ble at low<br />
cost, gasification technology lost glory and importance.<br />
tel-00623090, version 1 - 13 Sep 2011<br />
1950 - 1970: During these <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong>s, gasification was a “Forgotten Technology ". Many<br />
governments in Europe felt that consumption of wood at the prevailing rate will reduce<br />
the forest, creating several environmental problems.<br />
The year 1970´s brought a renewed interest in the technology for power generation at<br />
small scale. Since then work is also concentrated to use fuels other than wood and<br />
charcoal.<br />
Currently, due to the rising petroleum prices and the environmental problems<br />
associated with its use, it becomes imperative to search for alternatives and<br />
gasification is historically the chosen technology.<br />
2.1.2 Gasification process<br />
Gasification is the thermo-chemical conversion of a carbonaceous fuel at high<br />
temperatures, involving partial oxidation of the fuel elements (Higman and Burgt,<br />
2003). The result of the gasification is a fuel gas - the so-called syngas - consisting<br />
mainly of carbon monoxi<strong>de</strong> (CO), hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon dioxi<strong>de</strong> (CO 2 ), water vapor<br />
(H 2 O), methane (CH 4 ), nitrogen (N 2 ), some hydrocarbons in very low quantity and<br />
contaminants, such as carbon particles, tar and ash.<br />
Gasification takes p<strong>la</strong>ce in a reactor, called gasifier, in the presence of an oxidizing<br />
agent that may be the pure oxygen, steam, air or combinations of these. Insi<strong>de</strong> the<br />
gasifier, regardless of their nature, occur simultaneously in several cases for which<br />
there is still no consensus within the scientific community. Three or four steps are<br />
usually referred to. In the context of thermal sciences, the reactions of gasification are<br />
20
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