chapter 3 - RiuNet

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GENERAL INTRODUCTION The other motion parameters that are automatically generated by the tracker have not yet provided any additional useful information on sperm quality in fish. Among them, the ratio of the net distance moved to the total path distance (linearity, LIN) and the ratio of the net distance moved to the smoothed path distance (straightness, STR) have been the most often used parameter s for analyzing the curvature of the trajectory. On the other hand, CASA systems are able to show a huge number of spermatozoa per capture/frame, which means thousands of motion tracks analyzed per sample (Figure 6). However, despite the advantage of working with these extensive databases, sperm motility analyses often show the mean parameter values, considering the whole sperm sample as homogeneous. However, it has been pointed out that the sperm of some species is not a homogeneous mixture, and different sperm subpopulations coexist in the same sample. Although this topic has mostly been studied in mammals (Quintero-Moreno et al., 2003; Dorado et al., 2011), there are some reports in fish which have clearly shown the coexistence of distinct motility-based sperm subpopulations within the same sample : Solea senegalensis (Martinez-Pastor et al., 2008), Oncorhynchus mykiss (Kanuga et al., 2012) or Anguilla anguilla (Gallego el al. , submitted b). a b Figure 6. Images obtained by a CASA system. a) Full screen capture of sperm sample; b) Detailed motion trajectory of one spermatozoon. The CASA systems have been successfully applied in a wide range of aquacultural matters (Table 3), but new fields could be improved by the rapid assessment of sperm quality. In this respect, one of the possible 21
GENERAL INTRODUCTION future applications could be to facilitate the choice of broodstock which in turn would mean the selection of improved quality sperm for the succeeding generations. In fact, it has been reported that genetic selection by growth in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) alters sperm quality: after a few generations individuals selected by weight displayed a 20 fold reduction in sperm volume produced when compared to wild males (Mylonas et al., 1995). Therefore, a simultaneous selection of several commercial and reproductive traits, taking into account CASA systems sperm quality analysis, could be carried out in fish farms in order to maintain high reproductive quality of the male breeders. Table 3. Applications for CASA systems in some aquaculture issues over the past few years. Application Reference Cryopreservation Ciereszko et al., 2008; Cabrita el al., 2011 Chilled storage Babiak et al., 2006; Jing el al., 2009 Activation media Wilson-Leedy 2009; Kanuga el al., 2012; Sperm subpopulations Beirão et al., 2011a; Gallego et al. (submitted b) Broodstock managment Felip et al., 2006; Beirão el al., 2011b Spermiation induction protocols Asturiano et al., 2005; Radoslaw et al., 2012 In vitro fertilization trials Liu et al., 2007; Otessen et al., 2009; Reproductive ethology Fitzpatrick et al., 2007; Haugland et al., 2009 Environmental contamination Singh et al., 2008; Dietrich et al., 2010 4. Projects, grants and companies involved in this Thesis Finally, it is important to note that all the studies carried out in this Thesis have been funded by different projects and grants both at national and international level. 22
Page 2 and 3: SPERM PHYSIOLOGY AND QUALITY IN TWO
Page 4 and 5: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Muchos años han p
Page 6 and 7: aunque tiene una alcachofa en la ca
Page 8 and 9: TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY 1 RESUMEN
Page 10 and 11: SUMMARY SUMMARY The conservation st
Page 12 and 13: RESUMEN RESUMEN Las especies objeto
Page 14 and 15: RESUM RESUM Les espècies objecte d
Page 16: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 7
Page 19 and 20: GENERAL INTRODUCTION who postulated
Page 21 and 22: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2. Sperm physi
Page 23 and 24: GENERAL INTRODUCTION Finally, the a
Page 25 and 26: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 3. Sperm quali
Page 27 and 28: GENERAL INTRODUCTION in fish (Kime
Page 29: GENERAL INTRODUCTION However, for s
Page 33 and 34: GENERAL INTRODUCTION With regards t
Page 36: OBJECTIVES The chapters presented b
Page 40 and 41: STANDARDIZATION OF SPERM MOTILITY E
Page 56: CHAPTER 2 Study of the effects of t
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 2 reducing the pressure on
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER 2 ongoing task in order to
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 2 To measure sperm density,
Page 65 and 66: CHAPTER 2 Spermiating males (%) 100
Page 67 and 68: CHAPTER 2 100 80 60 I II III IV A 4
Page 69 and 70: CHAPTER 2 3.2 Hormonal treatments P
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 2 With regard to the sperm
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER 2 Relative volume (%) 80 I
Page 75 and 76: CHAPTER 2 In this respect, it is we
Page 77 and 78: CHAPTER 2 treatment to that of the
Page 79 and 80: CHAPTER 2 Our results demonstrate t
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ROLE OF IONS IN THE SPERM ACTIVATIO
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CHAPTER 4 Study of pufferfish (Taki
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CHAPTER 4 2002) so Takifugu niphobl
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CHAPTER 4 carrying out sperm collec
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CHAPTER 4 Table 1. Activation media
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CHAPTER 4 TM (%) 100 A a a Und-PD a
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CHAPTER 4 TM (%) 80 60 40 20 0 A a
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CHAPTER 4 TM (%) 80 A ASW100 GLU 60
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CHAPTER 4 although the activation m
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CHAPTER 4 dilution ratio and an opt
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CHAPTER 4 2006). Several studies in
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CHAPTER 4 5. Conclusions Some concl
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPERM MOTILIY
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GENERAL DISCUSSION 1. Improvements
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GENERAL DISCUSSION profiles induced
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GENERAL DISCUSSION more studies on
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GENERAL DISCUSSION sperm motility p
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CONCLUSIONS 133
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CONCLUSIONS vii. The coefficients o
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REFERENCES Aarestrup K, Økland F,
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REFERENCES Beirão J, Cabrita E, P
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REFERENCES Cabrita E, Robles V, Cu
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REFERENCES De Vos A, Van De Velde H
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REFERENCES Gallego V, Pérez L, Ast
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REFERENCES sperm competition and fe
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REFERENCES Liu QH, Li J, Xiao ZZ, D
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REFERENCES Mortimer ST. Effect of i
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REFERENCES Peñaranda DS, Marco-Jim
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REFERENCES Rurangwa E, Volckaert FA
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REFERENCES Tesch F. Telemetric obse
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REFERENCES Wong PYD, Lee WM, Tsang
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