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GENERAL INTRODUCTION faced with the difficult task of estimating correct and accurate sperm motility values, researchers used an arbitrary scale of criteria usually comprising of five categories (Pérez et al., 2000; Asturiano et al., 2005; Peñaranda et al., 2010b). Nowadays, CASA systems are able to accurately quantify a high number of sperm motility parameters, including some that could be not detected by visual inspection. Although there are several companies which market the product (Projectes i Serveis R+D S.L.; Microptic S.L.; Hamilton Thorne, etc.), the parameters provided by the system are almost identical. It is noteworthy that most of the parameters provided by CASA systems have been positively correlated with fertilization rates, so these computer systems have proven themselves to be useful tools for assessing sperm quality in fish. The most commonly used parameters for fish sperm analysis were revised by Rurangwa et al. (2004). The percentages of motile (TM) and progressive motile spermatozoa (PM) can provide a general overview about the quality of the sperm sample. TM means any spermatozoa showing any movement while PM is determined by the spermatozoa which swim in an essentially straight line. High correlations have been reported between both parameters and fertilization rates in some fish species (Table 2). Table 2. Coefficients of correlation between fertilization rates and total (r 1 ) and progressive (r 2 ) motility in some marine and freshwater species. Species r 1 r 2 Reference Clarias gariepinus 0.76 0.81 Rurangwa el al., 2001 Sparus aurata 0.59 - Beirão et al., 2011a Hippoglossus hippoglossus 0.81 - Otessen et al., 2009 Takifugu niphobles 0.68 0.70 This thesis, Chapter 5 Pagrus major 0.77 - Liu et al., 2007 Oncorhynchus mykiss 0.73 - Liley et al., 2002 Cyprinus carpio 0.53 - Linhart et al., 2000 19
GENERAL INTRODUCTION However, for some authors the most useful parameters are the spermatozoa velocities (Figure 5). In this respect, VCL (curvilinear velocity) is defined as the actual velocity along the real spermatozoon trajectory and VSL (straight line velocity), means the straight line distance between the start and end points of the track divided by the time of the track. In essence, if the trajectory is a straight line, VCL and VSL are identical. Finally, VAP (angular path velocity) is the velocity along a derived smooth path. VAP is actually of little use in most fish because the spermatozoon tracks are generally smooth curves, so VAP and VCL are identical. However, depending on the fertilization microenvironment, the spermatozoa can follow a much more erratic path and in some fish species VCL and VAP are both useful measurements (Kime and Tveiten, 2002). In addition, VAP can generate other related parameters such as the percentage of fast (FA), medium (ME) and slow (SL) spermatozoa, which can provide useful information for assessing the kinetic evolution of spermatozoa over the whole swimming time period (Gallego et al., submitted a). Figure 5. Schematic diagram of some kinetic parameters recorded by CASA system. Black circles represent successive positions of the head of a motile sperm through the video recording. Sperm movement parameters: VCL, curvilinear velocity; VAP, averaged path velocity; VSL, straight-line velocity; ALH, amplitude of lateral head displacement; BCF, beat/cross frequency. 20
Page 2 and 3: SPERM PHYSIOLOGY AND QUALITY IN TWO
Page 4 and 5: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Muchos años han p
Page 6 and 7: aunque tiene una alcachofa en la ca
Page 8 and 9: TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY 1 RESUMEN
Page 10 and 11: SUMMARY SUMMARY The conservation st
Page 12 and 13: RESUMEN RESUMEN Las especies objeto
Page 14 and 15: RESUM RESUM Les espècies objecte d
Page 16: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 7
Page 19 and 20: GENERAL INTRODUCTION who postulated
Page 21 and 22: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2. Sperm physi
Page 23 and 24: GENERAL INTRODUCTION Finally, the a
Page 25 and 26: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 3. Sperm quali
Page 27: GENERAL INTRODUCTION in fish (Kime
Page 31 and 32: GENERAL INTRODUCTION future applica
Page 33 and 34: GENERAL INTRODUCTION With regards t
Page 36: OBJECTIVES The chapters presented b
Page 40 and 41: STANDARDIZATION OF SPERM MOTILITY E
Page 56: CHAPTER 2 Study of the effects of t
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 2 reducing the pressure on
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER 2 ongoing task in order to
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 2 To measure sperm density,
Page 65 and 66: CHAPTER 2 Spermiating males (%) 100
Page 67 and 68: CHAPTER 2 100 80 60 I II III IV A 4
Page 69 and 70: CHAPTER 2 3.2 Hormonal treatments P
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 2 With regard to the sperm
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER 2 Relative volume (%) 80 I
Page 75 and 76: CHAPTER 2 In this respect, it is we
Page 77 and 78: CHAPTER 2 treatment to that of the
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CHAPTER 2 Our results demonstrate t
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ROLE OF IONS IN THE SPERM ACTIVATIO
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CHAPTER 4 Study of pufferfish (Taki
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CHAPTER 4 2002) so Takifugu niphobl
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CHAPTER 4 carrying out sperm collec
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CHAPTER 4 Table 1. Activation media
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CHAPTER 4 TM (%) 100 A a a Und-PD a
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CHAPTER 4 TM (%) 80 60 40 20 0 A a
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CHAPTER 4 TM (%) 80 A ASW100 GLU 60
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CHAPTER 4 although the activation m
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CHAPTER 4 dilution ratio and an opt
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CHAPTER 4 2006). Several studies in
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CHAPTER 4 5. Conclusions Some concl
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPERM MOTILIY
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GENERAL DISCUSSION 1. Improvements
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GENERAL DISCUSSION profiles induced
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GENERAL DISCUSSION more studies on
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GENERAL DISCUSSION sperm motility p
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CONCLUSIONS 133
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CONCLUSIONS vii. The coefficients o
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REFERENCES Aarestrup K, Økland F,
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REFERENCES Beirão J, Cabrita E, P
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REFERENCES Cabrita E, Robles V, Cu
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REFERENCES De Vos A, Van De Velde H
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REFERENCES Gallego V, Pérez L, Ast
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REFERENCES sperm competition and fe
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REFERENCES Liu QH, Li J, Xiao ZZ, D
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REFERENCES Mortimer ST. Effect of i
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REFERENCES Peñaranda DS, Marco-Jim
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REFERENCES Rurangwa E, Volckaert FA
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REFERENCES Tesch F. Telemetric obse
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REFERENCES Wong PYD, Lee WM, Tsang
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