INVESTIGATIONS INTO HYPERLIPIDEMIA AND ITS POSSIBLE ...

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83 Although serum cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher in Miniature Schnauzers with a history of pancreatitis compared to controls, the medians of both groups were within the reference interval. In addition, only 5 dogs in Group 1 had hypercholesterolemia, which was always mild and seen only in association with hypertriglyceridemia. This is in agreement with the results of a previous study in healthy Miniature Schnauzers. 84 To the authors’ knowledge, there is no evidence to suggest that hypercholesterolemia might play a role in the development of pancreatitis in dogs or any other species, and this is supported by the findings of the present study. Due to the fact that the dogs in this study had normal serum free or total T4 concentrations, no clinical signs, and no history of a disease or drug administration known to affect lipid metabolism, it is logical to assume that hypertriglyceridemia in these dogs was likely idiopathic. 84,252 Although an association between endocrinopathies commonly accompanied by secondary hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis has been previously reported, the retrospective design of these studies does not allow determination of whether this was due to hypertriglyceridemia or not. 64,65 Further studies are needed to determine what proportion of dogs with pancreatitis has persisting hypertriglyceridemia secondary to other diseases. One limitation of the present study is that even with a normal Spec cPL concentration and the absence of clinical signs of pancreatitis, mild residual inflammation of the pancreas cannot be definitively excluded. The only way to exclude this possibility would be through histopathologic examination of multiple pancreatic biopsies, a very invasive procedure that cannot be ethically justified in patients that have
84 recovered from pancreatitis. In addition, even if some mild residual inflammation of the pancreas was present in some dogs, it is not known whether this can affect lipid metabolism. Theoretically, longer intervals between pancreatitis and the follow-up sample could have been used, but then it would have been be more likely that, with increasing age, hypertriglyceridemia would develop, because previously reported data suggest that hypertriglyceridemia in the Miniature Schnauzer should be regarded as an age-related condition. 84 In conclusion, Miniature Schnauzers with a history of pancreatitis were 5 times more likely to have hypertriglyceridemia than age-matched control dogs of the same breed. In addition, Miniature Schnauzers with a history of pancreatitis were almost 15 times more likely to have moderate to severe hypertriglyceridemia (>500 mg/dL) than controls. It is logical to assume that hypertriglyceridemia was a pre-existing condition in most Miniature Schnauzers with a history of pancreatitis in this study. This study shows that, in contrast to control dogs, the majority of Miniature Schnauzers with a history of pancreatitis have hypertriglyceridemia. Additional studies are needed to further clarify the role of hypertriglyceridemia in the development of pancreatitis in Miniature Schnauzers as well as other dog breeds.
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INVESTIGATIONS INTO HYPERLIPIDEMIA
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INVESTIGATIONS INTO HYPERLIPIDEMIA
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iv was found to be useful for the s
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vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRAC
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x LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page 1 Cor
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xii FIGURE Page 20 1-dimensional sl
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2 the results of these initial stud
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4 and HDL 1 concentrations and a de
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6 and, in smaller concentrations, L
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8 HDL molecules can be further subd
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10 reach the vasculature, they acqu
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12 Endocrine disease Most commonly,
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14 with varying frequencies in dogs
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16 hypercholesterolemia was found o
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18 Primary hyperlipidemia with hype
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20 Atherosclerosis Although dogs ap
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22 Dietary management Typically, th
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24 therapy when the latter fails to
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26 followed from the 1970s until to
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28 this theory, zymogen granules th
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30 be quite different, especially i
Page 45 and 46: 32 Drugs As in humans, drug-induced
Page 47 and 48: 34 Signalment Dogs of any age, bree
Page 49 and 50: 36 erroneously direct the clinician
Page 51 and 52: 38 of changes over time in serum Sp
Page 53 and 54: 40 they have been shown to have a l
Page 55 and 56: 42 revealed either a normal pancrea
Page 57 and 58: 44 At present, a definitive diagnos
Page 59 and 60: 46 factors should always be investi
Page 61 and 62: 48 associated pancreatitis is much
Page 63 and 64: 50 clear whether hyperlipidemia was
Page 65 and 66: 52 hepatobiliary disease in both Mi
Page 67 and 68: 54 the reference range, while Group
Page 69 and 70: 56 ROC analysis and calculation of
Page 71 and 72: 58 Figure 3. Serum cPLI concentrati
Page 73 and 74: 60 There was no significant differe
Page 75 and 76: 62 severe (typically ≥1,000 mg/dl
Page 77 and 78: 64 gastrointestinal signs or suspec
Page 79 and 80: 66 CHAPTER III SERUM TRIGLYCERIDE C
Page 81 and 82: 68 logical assumption that a defect
Page 83 and 84: 70 pancreatitis. For the same reaso
Page 85 and 86: 72 Spec cPL concentrations were mea
Page 87 and 88: 74 were significantly more likely t
Page 89 and 90: 76 Figure 5. Comparison of serum tr
Page 91 and 92: 78 Figure 7. Comparison of serum tr
Page 93: 80 pancreatitis as it cannot be pre
Page 98 and 99: 85 Footnotes a Spec cPL ® , IDEXX
Page 100 and 101: 87 several subfractions, with diffe
Page 102 and 103: 89 Miniature Schnauzers (Group 2) T
Page 104 and 105: 91 Assays Serum triglyceride (refer
Page 106 and 107: 93 Figure 8. Custom-built fluoresce
Page 108 and 109: 95 range HDL 1 has not been accurat
Page 110 and 111: 97 mg/dL) were significantly higher
Page 112 and 113: 99 Figure 10: Serum cholesterol con
Page 114 and 115: 101 (Eigenvalues=0.5455; P=0.00017;
Page 116 and 117: 103 Figure 12: Representative lipop
Page 118 and 119: 105 Figures 14A and 14B: Representa
Page 120 and 121: 107 Specifically, 97% of non-hypert
Page 122 and 123: 109 The fraction of TRLs was a sign
Page 124 and 125: 111 Schnauzers without hyperlipidem
Page 126 and 127: 113 Footnotes a Roche/Hitachi MODUL
Page 128 and 129: 115 The biochemical, metabolic, and
Page 130 and 131: 117 Study design Each one of the do
Page 132 and 133: 119 Questionnaires and consent form
Page 134 and 135: 121 a target intensity of 30%, and
Page 136 and 137: 123 might affect lipid metabolism (
Page 138 and 139: 125 Figure 16. Serum triglyceride c
Page 140 and 141: 127 Figure 18. Serum Spec cPL conce
Page 142 and 143: 129 Figure 19. 1-dimensional sliced
Page 144 and 145: 131 Dogs that did not respond to th
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133 Hypertriglyceridemia has been l
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135 degrees. One possible explanati
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137 Footnotes a Royal Canin Gastroi
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139 concentrations and lipoprotein
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141 inclusion criteria for the stud
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143 light source j , located in a d
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146 Serum triglyceride and choleste
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148 Figure 22. Serum triglyceride c
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150 Figure 24. 1-dimensional sliced
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152 Discussion The purpose of the p
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154 fraction of these dogs (about 3
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156 of lipoproteins might also have
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158 Footnotes a Roche/Hitachi MODUL
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160 the etiology of pancreatitis, b
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162 times (P=0.0343) for a serum cP
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164 peaks than dogs of other breeds
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166 19.3; 95% CI, 2.0-184.0; P=0.00
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168 4) Specific lipoprotein classes
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170 REFERENCES 1949;8:96-97. 1. Lew
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172 17. Whitney MS, Boon GD, Rebar
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174 33. Ford RB. Clinical managemen
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176 50. Nelson RW, Turnwald GH, Wil
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178 66. Williams DA, Steiner JM. Ca
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180 82. Yilmaz Z, Senturk S. Charac
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182 97. Fojo SS, Stalenhoef AF, Mar
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184 111. Lam CW, Yuen YP, Cheng WF,
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186 127. Crispin SM. Ocular manifes
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188 144. Lindsay S, Entenmann C, Ch
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190 161. Steiner JM. Canine pancrea
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192 176. Steiner JM, Teague SR, Wil
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194 191. Steiner JM. Diagnosis of p
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196 208. Talukdar R, Vege S. Recent
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198 224. Koch K, Drewelow B, Liebe
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200 241. Petrov MS, van Santvoort H
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202 258. Ewald N, Hardt PD, Kloer H
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204 274. Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Be
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206 289. Carpentier YA, Scruel O. C
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