INVESTIGATIONS INTO HYPERLIPIDEMIA AND ITS POSSIBLE ...

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49 several studies. 15,33,34,37,49,52,66,83,165 However, this association remains obscure in dogs as the etiology of hypertriglyceridemia cannot always be determined in these studies. The presence of hypertriglyceridemia in dogs with pancreatitis might be due to a pre-existing disorder of lipid metabolism, which may or may not be related to the etiology of pancreatitis, but might also be the result of pancreatitis, or it might just be an incidental finding in some cases. 252 Although it is widely believed that hypertriglyceridemia can develop as a result of pancreatitis, this has not been convincingly shown in dogs with naturally occurring pancreatitis. Furthermore, with the exception of the results of 1 older study, 261 hypertriglyceridemia does not seem to be a consequence of experimental pancreatitis in dogs. 18-20 In order for hypertriglyceridemia to be considered as a possible etiologic factor for pancreatitis it should precede the development of pancreatitis. Miniature Schnauzers have been reported to develop pancreatitis more commonly than dogs of other breeds, and this high prevalence of pancreatitis in Miniature Schnauzers has been attributed to the fact that dogs of this breed commonly develop hypertriglyceridemia. 33,49,66,165 Available clinical and experimental data to support the above hypotheses are limited, however. In experimental studies, pancreatitis has been shown to develop in dogs after feeding a high-fat, low-protein diet, and is more severe when induced in dogs being fed a high-fat diet. 144,146 Also, in vitro studies on an isolated canine pancreas showed that high triglyceride concentrations can induce pancreatitis possibly through the release of free fatty acids. 260 Clinical studies have shown an association between hyperlipidemia and pancreatitis in dogs, although it is not
50 clear whether hyperlipidemia was the cause or a result of pancreatitis, or just an incidental finding in some cases. 15,19,21,63-66 Secondary hyperlipidemia seen in dogs with some endocrinopathies (e.g., hyperadrenocorticism) or obesity may be responsible for the increased risk for pancreatitis associated with these diseases. 11,65,65,172 Based on these studies, there is strong evidence for an association between hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis in dogs, but the exact nature of this relationship has not been established.
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INVESTIGATIONS INTO HYPERLIPIDEMIA
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INVESTIGATIONS INTO HYPERLIPIDEMIA
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iv was found to be useful for the s
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vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRAC
Page 11 and 12: x LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page 1 Cor
Page 13 and 14: xii FIGURE Page 20 1-dimensional sl
Page 15 and 16: 2 the results of these initial stud
Page 17 and 18: 4 and HDL 1 concentrations and a de
Page 19 and 20: 6 and, in smaller concentrations, L
Page 21 and 22: 8 HDL molecules can be further subd
Page 23 and 24: 10 reach the vasculature, they acqu
Page 25 and 26: 12 Endocrine disease Most commonly,
Page 27 and 28: 14 with varying frequencies in dogs
Page 29 and 30: 16 hypercholesterolemia was found o
Page 31 and 32: 18 Primary hyperlipidemia with hype
Page 33 and 34: 20 Atherosclerosis Although dogs ap
Page 35 and 36: 22 Dietary management Typically, th
Page 37 and 38: 24 therapy when the latter fails to
Page 39 and 40: 26 followed from the 1970s until to
Page 41 and 42: 28 this theory, zymogen granules th
Page 43 and 44: 30 be quite different, especially i
Page 45 and 46: 32 Drugs As in humans, drug-induced
Page 47 and 48: 34 Signalment Dogs of any age, bree
Page 49 and 50: 36 erroneously direct the clinician
Page 51 and 52: 38 of changes over time in serum Sp
Page 53 and 54: 40 they have been shown to have a l
Page 55 and 56: 42 revealed either a normal pancrea
Page 57 and 58: 44 At present, a definitive diagnos
Page 59 and 60: 46 factors should always be investi
Page 61: 48 associated pancreatitis is much
Page 65 and 66: 52 hepatobiliary disease in both Mi
Page 67 and 68: 54 the reference range, while Group
Page 69 and 70: 56 ROC analysis and calculation of
Page 71 and 72: 58 Figure 3. Serum cPLI concentrati
Page 73 and 74: 60 There was no significant differe
Page 75 and 76: 62 severe (typically ≥1,000 mg/dl
Page 77 and 78: 64 gastrointestinal signs or suspec
Page 79 and 80: 66 CHAPTER III SERUM TRIGLYCERIDE C
Page 81 and 82: 68 logical assumption that a defect
Page 83 and 84: 70 pancreatitis. For the same reaso
Page 85 and 86: 72 Spec cPL concentrations were mea
Page 87 and 88: 74 were significantly more likely t
Page 89 and 90: 76 Figure 5. Comparison of serum tr
Page 91 and 92: 78 Figure 7. Comparison of serum tr
Page 93: 80 pancreatitis as it cannot be pre
Page 96 and 97: 83 Although serum cholesterol conce
Page 98 and 99: 85 Footnotes a Spec cPL ® , IDEXX
Page 100 and 101: 87 several subfractions, with diffe
Page 102 and 103: 89 Miniature Schnauzers (Group 2) T
Page 104 and 105: 91 Assays Serum triglyceride (refer
Page 106 and 107: 93 Figure 8. Custom-built fluoresce
Page 108 and 109: 95 range HDL 1 has not been accurat
Page 110 and 111: 97 mg/dL) were significantly higher
Page 112 and 113:
99 Figure 10: Serum cholesterol con
Page 114 and 115:
101 (Eigenvalues=0.5455; P=0.00017;
Page 116 and 117:
103 Figure 12: Representative lipop
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105 Figures 14A and 14B: Representa
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107 Specifically, 97% of non-hypert
Page 122 and 123:
109 The fraction of TRLs was a sign
Page 124 and 125:
111 Schnauzers without hyperlipidem
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113 Footnotes a Roche/Hitachi MODUL
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115 The biochemical, metabolic, and
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117 Study design Each one of the do
Page 132 and 133:
119 Questionnaires and consent form
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121 a target intensity of 30%, and
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123 might affect lipid metabolism (
Page 138 and 139:
125 Figure 16. Serum triglyceride c
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127 Figure 18. Serum Spec cPL conce
Page 142 and 143:
129 Figure 19. 1-dimensional sliced
Page 144 and 145:
131 Dogs that did not respond to th
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133 Hypertriglyceridemia has been l
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135 degrees. One possible explanati
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137 Footnotes a Royal Canin Gastroi
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139 concentrations and lipoprotein
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141 inclusion criteria for the stud
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143 light source j , located in a d
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146 Serum triglyceride and choleste
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148 Figure 22. Serum triglyceride c
Page 163 and 164:
150 Figure 24. 1-dimensional sliced
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152 Discussion The purpose of the p
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154 fraction of these dogs (about 3
Page 169 and 170:
156 of lipoproteins might also have
Page 171 and 172:
158 Footnotes a Roche/Hitachi MODUL
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160 the etiology of pancreatitis, b
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162 times (P=0.0343) for a serum cP
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164 peaks than dogs of other breeds
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166 19.3; 95% CI, 2.0-184.0; P=0.00
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168 4) Specific lipoprotein classes
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170 REFERENCES 1949;8:96-97. 1. Lew
Page 185 and 186:
172 17. Whitney MS, Boon GD, Rebar
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174 33. Ford RB. Clinical managemen
Page 189 and 190:
176 50. Nelson RW, Turnwald GH, Wil
Page 191 and 192:
178 66. Williams DA, Steiner JM. Ca
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180 82. Yilmaz Z, Senturk S. Charac
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182 97. Fojo SS, Stalenhoef AF, Mar
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184 111. Lam CW, Yuen YP, Cheng WF,
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186 127. Crispin SM. Ocular manifes
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188 144. Lindsay S, Entenmann C, Ch
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190 161. Steiner JM. Canine pancrea
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192 176. Steiner JM, Teague SR, Wil
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194 191. Steiner JM. Diagnosis of p
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196 208. Talukdar R, Vege S. Recent
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198 224. Koch K, Drewelow B, Liebe
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200 241. Petrov MS, van Santvoort H
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202 258. Ewald N, Hardt PD, Kloer H
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204 274. Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Be
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206 289. Carpentier YA, Scruel O. C
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