INVESTIGATIONS INTO HYPERLIPIDEMIA AND ITS POSSIBLE ...

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201 249. Lippert AC, Fulton RB, Parr AM. A retrospective study of the use of total parenteral nutrition in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 1993;7:52-64. 250. Freeman LM, Labato MA, Rush JE, et al. Nutritional support in pancreatitis: a retrospective study. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 1995;5:32-40. 251. Chan DL, Freeman LM, Labato MA, et al. Retrospective evaluation of partial parenteral nutrition in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2002;16:440-445. 252. Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM. Lipid metabolism and hyperlipidemia in dogs. Vet J 2010;183:12-21. 253. Speck L. Fall von lipamia. Arch Verin Wissenschaftl Heilkunde 1865;1:232. In: Thannbauser SJ. ed. Lipidoses, diseases of the intracellular lipid metabolism. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1958:307. 254. Toskes PP. Hyperlipidemic pancreatitis. Gastronterol Clin North Am 1990;19:783-791. 255. Yadav D, Pitchumoni CS. Issues in hyperlipidemic pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003;36:54-62. 256. Cameron JL, Capuzzi DM, Zuidema GD, et al. Acute pancreatitis with hyperlipemia. Evidence for a persistent defect in lipid metabolism. Am J Med 1974;56:482-487. 257. Fortson MR, Freedman SN, Paul D. Clinical assessment of hyperlipidemic pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:2134-2139.
202 258. Ewald N, Hardt PD, Kloer HU. Severe hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis: presentation and management. Curr Opin Lipidol 2009;20:497-504. 259. Havel RJ. Pathogenesis, differentiation and managment of hypertriglyceridemia. Adv Intern Med 1969;15:117-54. 260. Saharia P, Margolis S, Zuidema GD, et al. Acute pancreatitis with hyperlipidemia: studies with an isolated perfused canine pancreas. Surgery 1977;82:60- 67. 261. Wang C, Strauss L, Adlersberg D. Experimental pancreatitis and plasma lipids. Gastroenterology 1958;35:465-472. 262. Searles GE, Ooi TC. Underrecognition of chylomicronemia as a cause of acute pancreatitis. Can Med Assoc J 1992;147:1806-1808. 263. Steiner JM, Berridge BR, Wojcieszyn J, et al. Cellular immunolocalization of gastric and pancreatic lipase in various tissues obtained from dogs. Am J Vet Res 2002;63:722-727. 264. Steiner JM, Rutz GM, Williams DA. Serum lipase activities and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Am J Vet Res 2006;67:84-87. 265. Gardner IA, Greiner M. Receiver-operating characteristic curves and likelihood ratios: improvements over traditional methods for the evaluation and application of veterinary clinical pathology tests. Vet Clin Path 2006;35:8-17.
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INVESTIGATIONS INTO HYPERLIPIDEMIA
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INVESTIGATIONS INTO HYPERLIPIDEMIA
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iv was found to be useful for the s
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vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRAC
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x LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page 1 Cor
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xii FIGURE Page 20 1-dimensional sl
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2 the results of these initial stud
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4 and HDL 1 concentrations and a de
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6 and, in smaller concentrations, L
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8 HDL molecules can be further subd
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10 reach the vasculature, they acqu
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12 Endocrine disease Most commonly,
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14 with varying frequencies in dogs
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16 hypercholesterolemia was found o
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18 Primary hyperlipidemia with hype
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20 Atherosclerosis Although dogs ap
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22 Dietary management Typically, th
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24 therapy when the latter fails to
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26 followed from the 1970s until to
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28 this theory, zymogen granules th
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30 be quite different, especially i
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32 Drugs As in humans, drug-induced
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34 Signalment Dogs of any age, bree
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36 erroneously direct the clinician
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38 of changes over time in serum Sp
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40 they have been shown to have a l
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42 revealed either a normal pancrea
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44 At present, a definitive diagnos
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46 factors should always be investi
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48 associated pancreatitis is much
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50 clear whether hyperlipidemia was
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52 hepatobiliary disease in both Mi
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54 the reference range, while Group
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56 ROC analysis and calculation of
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58 Figure 3. Serum cPLI concentrati
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60 There was no significant differe
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62 severe (typically ≥1,000 mg/dl
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64 gastrointestinal signs or suspec
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66 CHAPTER III SERUM TRIGLYCERIDE C
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68 logical assumption that a defect
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70 pancreatitis. For the same reaso
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72 Spec cPL concentrations were mea
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74 were significantly more likely t
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76 Figure 5. Comparison of serum tr
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78 Figure 7. Comparison of serum tr
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80 pancreatitis as it cannot be pre
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83 Although serum cholesterol conce
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85 Footnotes a Spec cPL ® , IDEXX
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87 several subfractions, with diffe
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89 Miniature Schnauzers (Group 2) T
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91 Assays Serum triglyceride (refer
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93 Figure 8. Custom-built fluoresce
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95 range HDL 1 has not been accurat
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97 mg/dL) were significantly higher
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99 Figure 10: Serum cholesterol con
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101 (Eigenvalues=0.5455; P=0.00017;
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103 Figure 12: Representative lipop
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105 Figures 14A and 14B: Representa
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107 Specifically, 97% of non-hypert
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109 The fraction of TRLs was a sign
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111 Schnauzers without hyperlipidem
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113 Footnotes a Roche/Hitachi MODUL
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115 The biochemical, metabolic, and
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117 Study design Each one of the do
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119 Questionnaires and consent form
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121 a target intensity of 30%, and
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123 might affect lipid metabolism (
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125 Figure 16. Serum triglyceride c
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127 Figure 18. Serum Spec cPL conce
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129 Figure 19. 1-dimensional sliced
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131 Dogs that did not respond to th
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133 Hypertriglyceridemia has been l
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135 degrees. One possible explanati
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137 Footnotes a Royal Canin Gastroi
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139 concentrations and lipoprotein
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141 inclusion criteria for the stud
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143 light source j , located in a d
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146 Serum triglyceride and choleste
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148 Figure 22. Serum triglyceride c
Page 163 and 164: 150 Figure 24. 1-dimensional sliced
Page 165 and 166: 152 Discussion The purpose of the p
Page 167 and 168: 154 fraction of these dogs (about 3
Page 169 and 170: 156 of lipoproteins might also have
Page 171 and 172: 158 Footnotes a Roche/Hitachi MODUL
Page 173 and 174: 160 the etiology of pancreatitis, b
Page 175 and 176: 162 times (P=0.0343) for a serum cP
Page 177 and 178: 164 peaks than dogs of other breeds
Page 179 and 180: 166 19.3; 95% CI, 2.0-184.0; P=0.00
Page 181 and 182: 168 4) Specific lipoprotein classes
Page 183 and 184: 170 REFERENCES 1949;8:96-97. 1. Lew
Page 185 and 186: 172 17. Whitney MS, Boon GD, Rebar
Page 187 and 188: 174 33. Ford RB. Clinical managemen
Page 189 and 190: 176 50. Nelson RW, Turnwald GH, Wil
Page 191 and 192: 178 66. Williams DA, Steiner JM. Ca
Page 193 and 194: 180 82. Yilmaz Z, Senturk S. Charac
Page 195 and 196: 182 97. Fojo SS, Stalenhoef AF, Mar
Page 197 and 198: 184 111. Lam CW, Yuen YP, Cheng WF,
Page 199 and 200: 186 127. Crispin SM. Ocular manifes
Page 201 and 202: 188 144. Lindsay S, Entenmann C, Ch
Page 203 and 204: 190 161. Steiner JM. Canine pancrea
Page 205 and 206: 192 176. Steiner JM, Teague SR, Wil
Page 207 and 208: 194 191. Steiner JM. Diagnosis of p
Page 209 and 210: 196 208. Talukdar R, Vege S. Recent
Page 211 and 212: 198 224. Koch K, Drewelow B, Liebe
Page 213: 200 241. Petrov MS, van Santvoort H
Page 217 and 218: 204 274. Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Be
Page 219 and 220: 206 289. Carpentier YA, Scruel O. C
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