INVESTIGATIONS INTO HYPERLIPIDEMIA AND ITS POSSIBLE ...

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167 cholesterol concentrations between dogs with pancreatitis (median: 209 mg/dL; range: 142 – 849 mg/dL) and healthy control dogs (median: 227 mg/dL; range: 97 – 338 mg/dL; P=0.565). Sliced inverse regression analysis showed that lipoprotein profiles were distinctly different between dogs with pancreatitis and healthy control dogs (P=0.0012). Dogs could be classified in the correct group (healthy versus pancreatitis) with 89% accuracy based on their lipoprotein profiles alone. The most important differences in the lipoprotein profiles between dogs with pancreatitis and healthy dogs involved increases in LDL 2 , LDL 3 , and LDL 4 , and less prominent decreases in TRL, HDL 2a , and HDL 3c . In summary, the main conclusions of the present study were: 1) Hypertriglyceridemia, especially when severe, is a risk factor for pancreatitis in Miniature Schnauzers. Therefore, it might be recommended that when hypertriglyceridemia is detected in dogs of this breed it should be treated and monitored. 2) Density gradient ultracentrifugation using NaBiEDTA as described in the present study is a useful screening method for the study of lipoprotein profiles in dogs. Important differences in lipoprotein profiles can be detected with this method even among dogs that have serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations within the reference interval. 3) Miniature Schnauzers with serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations within the reference interval appear to have significantly different lipoprotein profiles (mainly with regard to TRL and LDL 4 ) than dogs of various other breeds.
168 4) Specific lipoprotein classes (TRL and specific LDL fractions, mainly LDL 2 ) are associated with hypertriglyceridemia in Miniature Schnauzers. Changes in these lipoprotein classes are not always uniform among Miniature Schnauzers with hyperlipidemia. 5) The commercially available ultra-low-fat diet used in the present study was found to be effective in significantly reducing serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations within 2 months. 6) The commercially available ultra-low-fat diet used in the present study was found to be effective in shifting the lipoprotein profiles of most hyperlipidemic dogs towards those of non-hyperlipidemic dogs within 2 months. 7) A subgroup of Miniature Schnauzers appeared to not fully respond to the diet used in the present study as indicated mainly by their serum triglyceride concentrations and lipoprotein profiles. The reason for this finding is not known at this point, but differences in the pathogenetic basis of hyperlipidemia among dogs might have played a role. 8) The majority of dogs with naturally occurring pancreatitis appear to have serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations within their respective reference intervals. In the relatively small percentage of dogs that showed increases in serum triglyceride and/or cholesterol concentrations, those increases were generally mild. It might be recommended that profound increases in serum triglyceride and/or cholesterol concentrations in dogs with pancreatitis are unlikely to be the result of pancreatitis, and warrant further diagnostic investigation.
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INVESTIGATIONS INTO HYPERLIPIDEMIA
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INVESTIGATIONS INTO HYPERLIPIDEMIA
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iv was found to be useful for the s
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vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRAC
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x LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page 1 Cor
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xii FIGURE Page 20 1-dimensional sl
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2 the results of these initial stud
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4 and HDL 1 concentrations and a de
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6 and, in smaller concentrations, L
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8 HDL molecules can be further subd
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10 reach the vasculature, they acqu
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12 Endocrine disease Most commonly,
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14 with varying frequencies in dogs
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16 hypercholesterolemia was found o
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18 Primary hyperlipidemia with hype
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20 Atherosclerosis Although dogs ap
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22 Dietary management Typically, th
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24 therapy when the latter fails to
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26 followed from the 1970s until to
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28 this theory, zymogen granules th
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30 be quite different, especially i
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32 Drugs As in humans, drug-induced
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34 Signalment Dogs of any age, bree
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36 erroneously direct the clinician
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38 of changes over time in serum Sp
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40 they have been shown to have a l
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42 revealed either a normal pancrea
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44 At present, a definitive diagnos
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46 factors should always be investi
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48 associated pancreatitis is much
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50 clear whether hyperlipidemia was
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52 hepatobiliary disease in both Mi
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54 the reference range, while Group
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56 ROC analysis and calculation of
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58 Figure 3. Serum cPLI concentrati
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60 There was no significant differe
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62 severe (typically ≥1,000 mg/dl
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64 gastrointestinal signs or suspec
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66 CHAPTER III SERUM TRIGLYCERIDE C
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68 logical assumption that a defect
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70 pancreatitis. For the same reaso
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72 Spec cPL concentrations were mea
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74 were significantly more likely t
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76 Figure 5. Comparison of serum tr
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78 Figure 7. Comparison of serum tr
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80 pancreatitis as it cannot be pre
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83 Although serum cholesterol conce
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85 Footnotes a Spec cPL ® , IDEXX
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87 several subfractions, with diffe
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89 Miniature Schnauzers (Group 2) T
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91 Assays Serum triglyceride (refer
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93 Figure 8. Custom-built fluoresce
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95 range HDL 1 has not been accurat
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97 mg/dL) were significantly higher
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99 Figure 10: Serum cholesterol con
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101 (Eigenvalues=0.5455; P=0.00017;
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103 Figure 12: Representative lipop
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105 Figures 14A and 14B: Representa
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107 Specifically, 97% of non-hypert
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109 The fraction of TRLs was a sign
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111 Schnauzers without hyperlipidem
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113 Footnotes a Roche/Hitachi MODUL
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115 The biochemical, metabolic, and
Page 130 and 131: 117 Study design Each one of the do
Page 132 and 133: 119 Questionnaires and consent form
Page 134 and 135: 121 a target intensity of 30%, and
Page 136 and 137: 123 might affect lipid metabolism (
Page 138 and 139: 125 Figure 16. Serum triglyceride c
Page 140 and 141: 127 Figure 18. Serum Spec cPL conce
Page 142 and 143: 129 Figure 19. 1-dimensional sliced
Page 144 and 145: 131 Dogs that did not respond to th
Page 146 and 147: 133 Hypertriglyceridemia has been l
Page 148 and 149: 135 degrees. One possible explanati
Page 150 and 151: 137 Footnotes a Royal Canin Gastroi
Page 152 and 153: 139 concentrations and lipoprotein
Page 154 and 155: 141 inclusion criteria for the stud
Page 156 and 157: 143 light source j , located in a d
Page 159 and 160: 146 Serum triglyceride and choleste
Page 161 and 162: 148 Figure 22. Serum triglyceride c
Page 163 and 164: 150 Figure 24. 1-dimensional sliced
Page 165 and 166: 152 Discussion The purpose of the p
Page 167 and 168: 154 fraction of these dogs (about 3
Page 169 and 170: 156 of lipoproteins might also have
Page 171 and 172: 158 Footnotes a Roche/Hitachi MODUL
Page 173 and 174: 160 the etiology of pancreatitis, b
Page 175 and 176: 162 times (P=0.0343) for a serum cP
Page 177 and 178: 164 peaks than dogs of other breeds
Page 179: 166 19.3; 95% CI, 2.0-184.0; P=0.00
Page 183 and 184: 170 REFERENCES 1949;8:96-97. 1. Lew
Page 185 and 186: 172 17. Whitney MS, Boon GD, Rebar
Page 187 and 188: 174 33. Ford RB. Clinical managemen
Page 189 and 190: 176 50. Nelson RW, Turnwald GH, Wil
Page 191 and 192: 178 66. Williams DA, Steiner JM. Ca
Page 193 and 194: 180 82. Yilmaz Z, Senturk S. Charac
Page 195 and 196: 182 97. Fojo SS, Stalenhoef AF, Mar
Page 197 and 198: 184 111. Lam CW, Yuen YP, Cheng WF,
Page 199 and 200: 186 127. Crispin SM. Ocular manifes
Page 201 and 202: 188 144. Lindsay S, Entenmann C, Ch
Page 203 and 204: 190 161. Steiner JM. Canine pancrea
Page 205 and 206: 192 176. Steiner JM, Teague SR, Wil
Page 207 and 208: 194 191. Steiner JM. Diagnosis of p
Page 209 and 210: 196 208. Talukdar R, Vege S. Recent
Page 211 and 212: 198 224. Koch K, Drewelow B, Liebe
Page 213 and 214: 200 241. Petrov MS, van Santvoort H
Page 215 and 216: 202 258. Ewald N, Hardt PD, Kloer H
Page 217 and 218: 204 274. Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Be
Page 219 and 220: 206 289. Carpentier YA, Scruel O. C
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