políticas e sociais justas, ou no mínimo decentes, como é o caso <strong>do</strong>s esta<strong>do</strong>s fora da lei. Não decorren<strong>do</strong> de uma concepção sobre a natureza humana, nem de um contrato intercultural e inter-social, a concepção rawlsiana de direitos humanos centraliza-se na sua função política, no seu papel especial na razão pública da Sociedade de Povos. Trata-se, como assinala<strong>do</strong> por Beitz (2009: 102s), de uma concepção prática. Ao alargar a base da sociedade <strong>do</strong>s povos pela inclusão <strong>do</strong>s povos decentes, cuja cultura política é distinta da <strong>do</strong>s povos liberais, Rawls acaba por apresentar uma lista mínima de direitos humanos e de cuja a fasquia é fixada pelos princípios políticos que regem aquelas sociedades. Mas a exclusão de certos direitos democráticos - como os da participação política, da liberdade de expressão e da liberdade de associação - desta lista não significa que não constituam um ideal a que todas as sociedades devam aspirar [25] . Não obstante, este não é imposto pela comunidade internacional, à qual cabe assegurar as condições de fun<strong>do</strong> que possibilitam o florescimento das sociedades bem ordenadas. Isto não invalida que, a longo prazo, a sociedade de povos não tenha por objectivo “subterrâneo” aumentar o seu horizonte de alcance, sob a ideia de que a democracia global exige a civilidade democrata mas, antes de mais, a educação das pessoas para a democracia. 87 OS DESÍGNIOS DA DEMOCRACIA GLOBAL INTERNACIONAL NA UTOPIA REALISTA RAWLSIANA Bibliografia Maria João Cabrita ARON, Raymond (1962), Paz e Guerra entre as Nações, Editora Universal de Brasilia, S. Paulo, 2002. BEITZ, Charles (2000), “Rawls’s “Law of Peoples”, in Ethics, 110 (4), July 2000, pp. 669-696. ––––, (2009), The Idea of Human Rights, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009. COHEN, Joshua (2003), “For Democratic Society”, in The Cambridge Companion to Rawls, ed. by Samuel Freeman, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006, pp. 86-138. FREEMAN, Samuel (2006), “The Law of Peoples, Social Cooperation, Human Rights, and Distributive Justice”, in Justice and Global Politics, edited by Ellen Frankel 25 Veja-se Freeman, 2006: 35.
88 Paul, Fred D. Miller, Jr. and Jeffrey Paul, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 29-68. GOODHART, Michael (2008), “Human Rights and Global <strong>Democracy</strong>”, in Ethics & International Affairs, 22(4), 2008, pp. 395- 420 RAWLS, John (1990), «Preface for Revised Edition», in A Theory of Justice, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Revised Edition, 1999, pp. xi-xvi. ––––, (1993a), Political Liberalism, Columbia University Press, New York, 1993. ––––, (1993b), “The Law of Peoples” Collected Papers, Edited by Samuel Freeman, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1999, pp: 529-564. ––––, (1997), «The Idea of Public Reason Revisited», in The Law of Peoples, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1999, pp. 131-180. ––––, (1999), The Law of Peoples, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1999. SEN, Amartya K. (2003), “Les Racines Globales de la Démocratie”, in La Démocratie des autres, Éditions Payot & Rivages, Paris, 2006 pp. 7-47. TAN, Kok-Chor (2008), “Global <strong>Democracy</strong>: International, Not Cosmopolitan”, in <strong>Democracy</strong> in a Global World, Edited by Deen K. Chartterjee, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., New York, 2008, pp. 161- 183. DEMOCRACY TODAY
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project; I am also grateful to Prof
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POLITICS AND EQUALITY IN GREEK INVE
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cultural conception of it, very clo
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here Philosophy! Philosophy is pole
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human capacity to self-determinatio
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ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE’S NOTION OF
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elationships. In order to understan
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empire building bears the mark of a
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the “taste” for freedom, or the
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all individuals are considered as e
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Tocqueville’s Influence on Lefort
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l’homme et politique” (Lefort 1
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---- , 2000. Democracy in America.
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152 DEMOCRACY TODAY of democracy? I
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154 DEMOCRACY TODAY mate [2] govern
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156 DEMOCRACY TODAY Josiah Ober’s
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influence and begins to map out soc
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and how have they capitalised/shoul
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One cannot ignore here the prolifer
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Select Bibliography ACHIENG, Roseli
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democracy give an incentive to poli
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seeds in 2004 and 2007, facts that
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In 2009, Spain was the first EU GMO
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Pursuing a better understanding of
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• La Opinión says anything about
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INFORMATION PRO YEAR. TOTAL : 337 2
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194 DEMOCRACY TODAY • The cantona
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