Two new trematode species from freshwater fishes of Peninsular ...
Two new trematode species from freshwater fishes of Peninsular ...
Two new trematode species from freshwater fishes of Peninsular ...
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P8l'88it. hung. 17. 1984<br />
<strong>Two</strong> <strong>new</strong> <strong>trematode</strong> <strong>species</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>freshwater</strong> <strong>fishes</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Peninsular</strong> Malaysia<br />
Dr. Susan LIM LEE BONG· -<br />
Dr. Juan I. FURTADO<br />
University Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malay8ia<br />
"<strong>Two</strong> <strong>new</strong> <strong>trematode</strong> <strong>species</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>freshwater</strong> fishe s <strong>of</strong> <strong>Peninsular</strong> Malaysia" -<br />
Lim Lee Hong, S. - Furtado, J.I. - Parasit. "hung., !2.. 37-44.1984.<br />
ABSTRACT. <strong>Two</strong> <strong>new</strong> <strong>species</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>trematode</strong>s have been obtained <strong>from</strong> four <strong>species</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>freshwater</strong> fishe s -in <strong>Peninsular</strong> Malaysia. They are He lostornatis cypri<br />
~ sp. n. <strong>from</strong> Labiobarbus festiva and Osteochilus melanopleura and Singhia<br />
kruinensis sp. n. <strong>from</strong> Notopterus chitala and N. notopterus.<br />
KEY WORDS. Trematoda, Helostomatis cyprinorum sp. n., Singhia kruinensis<br />
sp.n., <strong>freshwater</strong> fishe s, ecology, <strong>Peninsular</strong> Malaysia.<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
There are at present only two recorded <strong>species</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>freshwater</strong> fish <strong>trematode</strong>s <strong>from</strong> <strong>Peninsular</strong><br />
Malaysia: Orientocreadium batrachoides Tubangui, 1931 (Furtado et Lau 1968) and Transversotrema<br />
patialense Soparkar, 1924 (Betterton 1979). These two <strong>new</strong> <strong>species</strong> will thus increase<br />
the number <strong>of</strong> recorded <strong>species</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>trematode</strong> to four. <strong>Two</strong> other <strong>trematode</strong> <strong>species</strong>, a<br />
Phyllodistomum <strong>species</strong> and a Haplorchoides <strong>species</strong>, were collected <strong>from</strong> Mystus nemurus<br />
(Bagridae); but due to the low number <strong>of</strong> specimens collected, these two <strong>species</strong> will not be<br />
described until more specimens are be obtained.<br />
MA TERIALS AND METHODS<br />
The host <strong>species</strong> <strong>of</strong> the two <strong>new</strong> <strong>species</strong> were obtained <strong>from</strong> Tasek Bera, a <strong>freshwater</strong> inundated<br />
swamp forest in <strong>Peninsular</strong> Malaysia. The parasites collected were treated for whole<br />
mount morphological studies: they were flattened between a glass slide and coverslip or two<br />
glass slides depending on the size <strong>of</strong> the <strong>trematode</strong>s, fixed in Bouin's solution, stored in 70%<br />
alcohol and stained in the laboratory following procedures recommended by FERNANDO et al.<br />
(1972).<br />
AU the measurements are given in millimeter (mm.), with the averages followed by the ranges<br />
in parentheses.<br />
Description<br />
Helostomatis cyprinorum sp. n. (Paramphistomidae) (Fig. 1).<br />
Hosts: Labiobarbus festiva (Heckel) (Cyprinidae) (Type host)<br />
Osteochilus melanopleura (Bleeker) (Cyprinidae)<br />
·Part <strong>of</strong> the preparation <strong>of</strong> this report was done by the senior author during her visit to Hungary<br />
in 1979.<br />
37
Locality: Tasek Bera, Pahang.<br />
No. <strong>of</strong> specimens studied: 10 specimens <strong>from</strong> L. festiva and 5 specimens <strong>from</strong> O. melanopleura.<br />
Type specimens: Holotype (UMT 1) and pa ratypes (UMT 1 et 2) are deposited in the Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Zoology, University <strong>of</strong> Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.<br />
Body oval to elliptical, ends bluntly rounded with posterior slightly broade r than the ante rior,<br />
length 1.88 (1.58-2.04) and width 1. 09 (0.89-1.28). Cuticle smooth, without spines. Pha rynx<br />
terminal surrounding mouth, length 0.20 (0.14-0.27) and width 0.20 (0.11-0.21). Acetabuium<br />
posterior, subterminal, larger than oral sucker, length 0.44 (0.35-0.60). width 0.46 (0.29-<br />
0.64). Oe sophagus; length 0.29 (0.21-0.43), width 0.07 (0.05-0.08). On either side <strong>of</strong> prepharynx<br />
short, stout muscular primary pharyngeal sacs, length 0.24 (0.18-0.27), width 0.08<br />
(0.04-0.11). Extending <strong>from</strong> the primary pharyngeal sacs blind convoluted diverticular<br />
pouches, length 0.42 (0.32-0.53). width 0.27 (0.21-0.35). filling the space between prepharynx<br />
and esophageal bulb. Esophageal bulb elongated, transversely striated, length 0.50<br />
(0.48-0.53), width 0.14 (0.13-0.16). Intestinal bifurcation beginning at a distance <strong>of</strong> 0.67<br />
(0.56-0.78) <strong>from</strong> anterior end. Caeca continuing late rally then posteriorly, resulting in the<br />
caeca having a 3-shaped configuration. Caeca terminate about 0.34 (0.21-0.64) above posterior<br />
end.<br />
<strong>Two</strong> oval-lobulate testes, situated at 0.96 (0.85-1.01) <strong>from</strong> anterior, in pre-ovarian field.<br />
Vas efferens not distinct. Single vas deferens opening into cirrus sac just before bifurcation<br />
<strong>of</strong> intestine. Large cirrus sac situated between genital sucker and bifurcation <strong>of</strong> inte stine,<br />
length 0. 18 (0.16-0.19), width 0.07 (0.04-0.10). Seminal vesic1e internal and convoluted.<br />
Glandular cells <strong>of</strong> pars prostatica observed just before gen ital opening. Cirrus opening into<br />
common genital atrium.<br />
Ovary ovoid, situated medially between testes and acetabulum, in posterior one-third <strong>of</strong> body,<br />
length 0.07 (0.05-0.15), width 0.08 (0.05-0.19). Ootype extending latero-posteriorly, Laurer'<br />
s canal small. Mehlis' gland not distinct. Follicular vitellaria lateral, extracaecal with<br />
vitelline ducts entering ootype laterally. Coiled uterus extending anteriorly in intercaecal<br />
field, ending in an enlarged metraterm which opens into the genital atrium. Eggs embryonated<br />
length 0.13 (0.11-0.14), width 0.07 (0.06-0.08).<br />
Differential diagnosis<br />
This <strong>new</strong>ly described <strong>species</strong> belon gs to the genus Helostomatis (Fukui 1929) Travassos,1934<br />
(Family: Paramphistomatidae Fischoeder, 1901; subfamily Helostomatinae Skrjabin, 1949).<br />
Hitherto there had been only three <strong>species</strong> described for this genus: Helostomatis helostoma_<br />
tis (MacCallum 1905) Travassos 1934 <strong>from</strong> Helostoma temmincki (Sumatra). H. sakrei Bhalerao,<br />
1937 <strong>from</strong> Labeo calbasu (India) and H. cirrhini Gupta and Kumari, 1970 <strong>from</strong> Cirrhina<br />
mrigala (India). All these <strong>species</strong> are parasites <strong>of</strong> the alimentary system <strong>of</strong> cyprinids<br />
in the Oriental zoogeographical region.<br />
The present <strong>species</strong> differs <strong>from</strong> H. helostomatis in having larger diverticular pouches and<br />
3 -shaped caeca. The 3 -shaped caecal arrangement (after bifurcation caeca curving sinuously<br />
giving a 3 -shaped structure) is recorded in all the specimen s studied. H. sakrei is different<br />
<strong>from</strong> the present <strong>species</strong> in having trilobed ovary, straight caeca and smaller diverticular<br />
pouches. H. cirrhini is diffic,ult to analyse because <strong>of</strong> its incomplete description which is<br />
without drawing (since the description given is only a resumé) (GUPTA end KUMARI 1970"<br />
however it differs <strong>from</strong> the present <strong>new</strong> <strong>species</strong> in the caeca terminating at the level <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ovary, the testes being diagonal, and the shape <strong>of</strong> the ovary which is presumably trilobed.<br />
Gupta and Kumari (1970) reported that there is no genital sucker in H. sakrei <strong>from</strong> Labeo<br />
dero but only a gen ital atrium lined with sphincter muscles.<br />
Based on these differences the present <strong>species</strong> is considered a <strong>new</strong> <strong>species</strong>, and iE. named<br />
Helostomatis cyprinorum because <strong>of</strong> its occurrence in cyprinid <strong>fishes</strong>.<br />
38
0.0<br />
O.S<br />
Fig. 1: Composite illustration <strong>of</strong> Helostomatis cyprinorum sp. n.<br />
39
.The specimens obtained <strong>from</strong> O. melanopleura are larger and the caecal configuration less<br />
3 -shaped. This may possibly be due to the relaxed state <strong>of</strong> the worm, however the measurements<br />
obtained for the other features showed that this is not so. Since the Helostomatis <strong>species</strong><br />
in both cases are mature specimens, the age <strong>of</strong> the worm is eliminated as a possible<br />
cause <strong>of</strong> variation. The differences in size may be due to adaptation to different microenvironment,<br />
especially since Osteochilus melanopleura is a comparatively much larger fish<br />
than Labiobarbus festiva. Except for these differences, the Helostomatis <strong>species</strong> collected<br />
<strong>from</strong> O. melanopleura is very similar to those found in L. festiva, and is considered the<br />
same <strong>species</strong> as Helostomatis cyprinorum sp. n .<br />
Amendments to the genus Helostomatis (Fukui, 1929) Travassos, 1934.<br />
The gene ric (Helostomatis) and subfamilial (Helostomatinae Skrjabin, 1949) characteristics<br />
should be amended in the light <strong>of</strong> the discovery <strong>of</strong> the <strong>new</strong> <strong>species</strong>, because a few characteristic<br />
s are que stionab1e mo rphologically:<br />
(1) The description <strong>of</strong> the acetabuium being "wider than posterior end <strong>of</strong> bOGy proper, with<br />
its aperture drawn out late rally and curved backward" (Y AMAGUTI. 1971 p . 47) should be<br />
deleted because this is not a gene ric characteristics, but rather a specific characteristics<br />
<strong>of</strong> H. helostomatis, since this feature is not observed in any <strong>of</strong> the recorded <strong>species</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
the genus (se e H. sakrei Bhalerao, 1937; H. cirrhini Gupta and Kumari, 1970; and present<br />
<strong>species</strong>) .<br />
(2) "Oral sucker with long diverticles in the forrn <strong>of</strong> claviforrn appendages" should be altered.<br />
MacCALLUM (1905) describing the first <strong>species</strong> mentioned that' each side <strong>of</strong> the prepharynx<br />
gives <strong>of</strong>f a short muscular tube with circular and radial musc1e fibres and many<br />
glands cella which extend into a blind convoluted sac lying on each side be side the pharynx'<br />
though he did reve rt back now and then to the fact that lateral pouches arose <strong>from</strong> the<br />
'mouth suckers'. BHALERAO (1937) described it similarly but GUPTA and KUMARI (1970)<br />
described the' pharyngeal sac' or diverticular pouches as arising <strong>from</strong>' pharynx' (GUP<br />
TA and KUMARI.1970). The amendment should thus be "large or sman diverticular present,<br />
arising <strong>from</strong> prepharynx, divided into 2 parts: diverticular lobes and pouches".<br />
(3) Testes <strong>of</strong> Helostomatis <strong>species</strong> are not wholly subsymmetrical or symmetrical, therefore<br />
it should be amended as "Testes sub-symmetrical or symmetrica1" or 'Testes variable'.<br />
(4) GUPTA and KUMARI (1970) suggested that there is a genital-sucker surrounding the genital<br />
pore, and that the genital atrium is surrounded by a loose genital sphincter and lined<br />
by genital atrial radial musc1es. However, in H . cyprinorum n. sp. the gen ital atrial<br />
structure is quite distinctly that <strong>of</strong> a sucker. In order to confirm or refute GUPTA and<br />
KUMARI' s observations, their material needs re-examination and more histological studies<br />
using various microtechniques are required. Until this genital structure is further<br />
studied, the description that' gen ital sucker present' still stands.<br />
Singhia kruinensis sp. n. (Echinostomatidae) (Figure 2)<br />
Host: Notopterus ch itala (Hamilton) (Notopteridae) (Type-host) and N. notopterus (Pallas)<br />
Microhabitat: Intestine<br />
N o. <strong>of</strong> specimens studied: 6 <strong>from</strong> N. chitala and 5 <strong>from</strong> N. notopterus.<br />
Type specimens: Holotype (UMT2) and paratypes (UMT3 and UMT4) deposited in the Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Zoology, University <strong>of</strong> Malaya.<br />
Body nearly spatulate. length 11.64 (10.40-13.20). width l. 71 (l. 32-1.91). Head collar<br />
large, length 0.3B (0.81-1.02). width 1.73 (1.48-1.91), wen constricted <strong>from</strong> budy, with continuous<br />
row <strong>of</strong> conical spines. These collar spines can be divided into 3 group S depending on the<br />
position on the collar, viz. corner (C). lateral (L) and median spines (M). Number <strong>of</strong> spines<br />
varying <strong>from</strong> 29 to 31 but corner spines and lateral spines are constant, always 4 and 8.<br />
Paired eyelike structure on either side <strong>of</strong> collar, <strong>of</strong> size 0.08 (0.03-0.11) x 0.07 (0.03-0.10),<br />
with tubular structure extending posteriorly, possibly an excretory system. Body spinulated,<br />
40
OOO<br />
!<br />
:i<br />
o O~<br />
0.10 A<br />
Fig. 2: Composite illustration <strong>of</strong> Singhia kruinensis sp. n. (A). Egg <strong>of</strong> S. kruinensis sp. n. (B)<br />
41
spines extending <strong>from</strong> neck posteriorly tilI 3/4 <strong>of</strong> body for distance <strong>of</strong> 9.71 (9.08-10.80); distance<br />
between spines increasing with distance <strong>from</strong> anterior, varying between 0.01 to 0.02.<br />
Sizes <strong>of</strong> spines ranging <strong>from</strong> 0.01 to 0.04 (increasing in size posteriorly). about 132-135 rows<br />
<strong>of</strong> spines .present.<br />
Oral sucker terminal to subterminal, slightly inverted-triangular shape, length 0.22 (0.15-<br />
0.27), width 0.38 (0.32-0.46). Acetabuium immediately posterior to gonopore, situated ventrally<br />
at 2.08 (1. 89 -2. 44) <strong>from</strong> anterior, length 0. 38 (0.37-0.39), width 0.38 (0.3 5-0. 43),<br />
larger than oral sucker. Terminal to subterminal mouth surrounded by oral sucker. Prepharynx<br />
at 0.38 (0.37-0.39) <strong>from</strong> anterior, length 0.37 (0.21-0.56) width 0.05 (0.04-0.05).<br />
Pharynx muscular, at 0.54 (0.33-0.81) <strong>from</strong> anterior length 0.23 (0.19-0.26). width 0.19<br />
(0.17-0.21). Esophagus, at 0.79 (0.61-1. 06) distance <strong>from</strong> anterior. Intestina l bifurcation<br />
beginning at 1.80 (1. 62-2.11) <strong>from</strong> anterior, terminating at 0.86 (0.53-1. 22) .<br />
<strong>Two</strong> testes in tandem, situated at 1.44 (1.08-1. 91) and 2.15 (1. 60-2. 54). <strong>from</strong> posterior end,<br />
respectively, distance between testes 0.20 (0.05-0.34). Vas efferens joining medially, forming<br />
vas defe rens, in preovarian fie1d. Large cirrus sac, at 1.88 (1.71 -2. 19) <strong>from</strong> anterior,<br />
length O. 37 (0.32 -O. 45), width O. 31 (0.27 -0.32), enc10sing a con vo1uted seminal vesicle, a<br />
striated and spined cirrus and prostrate glands. Terminal genitalia large, with single gonopore<br />
and sphincter muscle, into which cirrus and metraterm enter.<br />
Single spherical ovary, smaller than either testes, length 0.28 (0.21-0.35). width 0.33 (0.23-<br />
0.42). in pretesticu1ar field. Mehlis' gland compact, posterior to ovary. Ootype observed.<br />
Laurer' s cana1 not observed. <strong>Two</strong> vitelline ducts draining into vitelline reservoir, 1atter<br />
connected to a slightly coiled ootype. ViteHaria follicle-like mainly extracaecal. Uterus extending<br />
anteriorly, in transverse coils, in intercaecal and pretesticular field, opening into<br />
metraterm, which itself opens into common gonopore. Eggs fully embryonated, length 0.10<br />
(0.08-0.11). width 0.05 (0.04-0.06).<br />
Differential diagnosis<br />
This <strong>new</strong>ly described <strong>trematode</strong> belon gs to the genus Singhia, Yamaguti 1958. There is only<br />
one other <strong>species</strong> <strong>from</strong> this genus, S. thapari (Singh, 1953) Yamaguti, 1968 which differs<br />
<strong>from</strong> the present forms in<br />
(l) the dia gonal arrangement <strong>of</strong> the two testes (tandem in present <strong>species</strong>)<br />
(2) a pair <strong>of</strong> corner spines on each side <strong>of</strong> collar compared to four in the present <strong>species</strong>,<br />
(3) extent <strong>of</strong> body spines to midbody (which is weH beyond midbody in present <strong>species</strong>),<br />
(4) position <strong>of</strong> ovary at level with anterior testes.<br />
Based on these differences the present <strong>species</strong> is considered <strong>new</strong> and the propo sed name for<br />
this is Singhia kruinensis sp. n. after the locality Tanjong Kruin in Tasek Bera.<br />
Five similar specimens have also been obtained <strong>from</strong> a related host Notopterus notopterus,<br />
except that they are about half the size <strong>of</strong> the specimens <strong>from</strong> N. chitala. The difference in<br />
size may be due to the age <strong>of</strong> the worms since none <strong>of</strong> the specimens <strong>from</strong> N. notopterus possessed<br />
eggs, or to specific host differences (see Discussion).<br />
Amendments to genus Singhia Yamaguti, 1958<br />
The genus Singhia Yamaguti, 1958, as amended by YAMAGUTI (1971) is inadequate to accommodate<br />
S. kruinensis n. sp. because <strong>of</strong> the features (given above) which distinguish S.<br />
thapari <strong>from</strong> the present <strong>species</strong> (see YAMAGUTI, 1971 pp. 209). -<br />
Therefore, the genus Singhia Yamaguti, 1958 (as given in Yamaguti 1971, pp. 209) is amended<br />
with the following additions:<br />
(l) Head collar constricted <strong>from</strong> body proper, bears dorsally a single almost uninterrupted<br />
row <strong>of</strong> spines <strong>of</strong> various sizes, with end group spines <strong>of</strong> 2 -4 each.<br />
,<br />
42
(2) Testes diagonal or in tandem, in posterior 1/3 <strong>of</strong> body<br />
(3) Armed or unarmed cirrus<br />
(4) Ovary median to well below submedian, pretesticular, occasionally (or not at aIl) level<br />
with anterior testes.<br />
Since S. thapari (Singh, 1953) Yamaguti, 1958, has been de scribed basal on only two specimens,<br />
it is possible that many features and, certainly specific and gene ric variation have not<br />
been weIl studied. It is probable that S. kruinensis n . sp. is related to S. thapari sinc e they<br />
are <strong>from</strong> the same host <strong>species</strong>. However, the present <strong>species</strong> is presently considered as<br />
distinct on the basis <strong>of</strong> the above features, and biogeographic differences <strong>of</strong> the two localities.<br />
DISCUSSION<br />
The present <strong>new</strong> <strong>species</strong> constitute the first records <strong>of</strong> the genera Helostomatis and Singhia<br />
in <strong>Peninsular</strong> Malaysia. These two <strong>new</strong> <strong>species</strong> together with the two undescribed <strong>trematode</strong><br />
<strong>species</strong> (PhyIlodistomum and Haplorchoides) represent the total number <strong>of</strong> <strong>species</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>trematode</strong>s<br />
collected over a period <strong>of</strong> two years (1976-1978) in Tasek Bera, indicating a pauc it y <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>trematode</strong>s in that habitat. This may be due to the relatively low mollusc populatio n there,<br />
(the usual intermediate hosts <strong>of</strong> <strong>trematode</strong>s), as a result <strong>of</strong> the low calcium content in the<br />
waters (LIM, 1976).<br />
These <strong>trematode</strong>s are identified only on the basis <strong>of</strong> their adult morphology which may possess<br />
variations due either to polymorphism and/or fixation and staining procedures. From<br />
this arises the issue <strong>of</strong> <strong>species</strong> validity and biological distinctness; this issue is especially<br />
important in the case <strong>of</strong> <strong>trematode</strong>s which are usually not very hóst-specific (i. e. in terms<br />
<strong>of</strong> their final piscine host). Since polymorphism may be environmentally induced as by different<br />
host <strong>species</strong> (SHEPPARD, 1958), the H. cyprinorum sp. n. <strong>from</strong> L. festiva and O.<br />
melanopleura are possibly polymorphs since they are probably <strong>from</strong> the same cercarial population<br />
as are the ~}linensis n. sp. <strong>from</strong> N. chitala and N. notopterus; however this issue<br />
<strong>of</strong> polymorphism meeds experimental verification. Also, even though S. kruinensis sp. n.<br />
appears to be a fairly distinct <strong>species</strong> on the basis <strong>of</strong> the differentiation criteria currently in<br />
use, its relationships with S. thapari (Singh 1953) Yamaguti, 1958, within a geographical polytypic<br />
<strong>species</strong> or gene ric complex is wor.thwhile further investigation.<br />
Parasites can be useful indicators <strong>of</strong> biological and/or ecological relationships (A UDY, 1960).<br />
Their ability to function as biological indicators is due to their specific ecological requirements.<br />
For example, the presence <strong>of</strong> <strong>trematode</strong>s indicates the presence <strong>of</strong> specific groups <strong>of</strong><br />
organisms serving as intermediate and final hosts, as in the projected presence <strong>of</strong> mollusc<br />
in Tasek Bera in spite <strong>of</strong> its low calcium content (LIM, 1976). Trematodes can also indicate<br />
different behavioural patterns, habitat .requirements, and food habits: according to YAMA<br />
GUTI (1979) echinostomatids' life-cycle requires insects as the intermediate hóst; S. kruinensis<br />
sp. n. is associated with insectivorous -carnivorous fish (N. chitala and N. notopteruS).<br />
Similarly Helostomatis <strong>species</strong> indicates a herbivorous host (see YAMAGUTI 1979p. 15-16)<br />
as is the case <strong>of</strong> L. festiva and O. melanopleura, while PhyIlodistomum <strong>species</strong> possibly indicates<br />
the presence <strong>of</strong> a cosmopolitan molluscan host, and/or a similar urinary system<br />
among the <strong>fishes</strong>, since they are found in a wide variety <strong>of</strong> fish <strong>species</strong> (see FOTEDAR, 1969)<br />
and they do not required a sec ond intermediate hosts (see YAMAGUTI 1979, p. 15-16).<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
This work has been made possible by a tutorship award in Zoology to one <strong>of</strong> us (L.H.S. LIM),<br />
VOTE F. research grant s by the University <strong>of</strong> Malaya to us (L.H.S. LIM and J.!. FURTADO),<br />
by the typographical assistance <strong>of</strong> Mrs. S. WONG and by the cooperation <strong>of</strong> the Semalai people<br />
at Tasek Bera especially NONEK and his family, and the Department <strong>of</strong> Aboriginal Affairs.<br />
43
LIM LEE BONG, S. - FURTADO, J. 1.: Két új mételyfaj a<br />
Maláj-félszigeti édesvizi halakból<br />
Maláj -félszigeti édesvizi halak parazitológiai vizsgálata során a sze rz6k két, a tudományra<br />
nézve uj mételyfajt találtak. Az uj fajok, a Holostomatis cyprinorum sp. n. (Paramphistomidae)<br />
és a Singhia kruinensis sp. n. (Echinostomatidae) leirását a genusok jellemzése és a<br />
fajok el6fordulására vonatkozó ökológiai m egfigyelések tárgyalása egésziti ki.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
AUDY, J.R. (1960): Parasites as 'Ecological Labels' in vertebrate ecology, - Bulletin <strong>of</strong><br />
Raffles Museum, Singapore.<br />
BETTERTON ,C. (1979): Some observations on natural infections <strong>of</strong> Transversotrema patialense<br />
(Soparkar, 1924) (Digenea: Transversotrematidae) in fish and snail hosts <strong>from</strong><br />
Penang, Malaysia. - The Malayan Nature Journal, E (3-4). 271-279.<br />
BHALERAO, G.D. (1937): Studies on the helminths <strong>of</strong> India, Trematoda IV. J. Helminthology,<br />
~(2), 97-124.<br />
FERNANDO, C.H, - FURTADO, J.I. - GUSSEV, A.V. - HANEK, G. - KA KONGE, S.A.<br />
(1972): Methods for the study <strong>of</strong> <strong>freshwater</strong> fish parasites. - University <strong>of</strong> Waterloo,<br />
Biology series No. g pp. 76.<br />
FOTEDAR, D.N. (1969): Notes on some gorgoderid <strong>trematode</strong>s <strong>of</strong> fishe s and amphibians in<br />
Kashmir and other parts <strong>of</strong> India, and notes on the c1assification <strong>of</strong> the family Gorgoderidae<br />
Looss, 1901. - Kashmir Science, ~ (1-2): 89-100.<br />
FURTADO, J.I. - LAU, C.L. (1971): <strong>Two</strong> <strong>new</strong> helminths <strong>species</strong> <strong>from</strong> the fish Channa micropeltes<br />
Cuvier (Ophicephalidae) <strong>of</strong> Malaysia. - Folia parasit. (Praha), g: 365-372.<br />
GUPTA, N.K. - KUMARI, A. (1970): On a <strong>new</strong> and one already know n amphistomid para site<br />
belonging to the genus He10stomatis Travassos, 1934 (Trematoda: Paramphistomidae)<br />
<strong>from</strong> fre shwater fish Labeo dero and Cirrhina mrigala <strong>from</strong> Nangal and Ropar. - J.<br />
Parasit., ~(4): 126-127.<br />
LIM, R.P. (1974): Limnological studies on a Malaysian <strong>freshwater</strong> swamp Tasek Bera, Pahang.<br />
- Unpublished M. Sc. thesis, University <strong>of</strong> Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 114.<br />
MacCALLUM, W.G. (1905): On two amphistome parasites <strong>of</strong> Sumatran <strong>fishes</strong>. - ZooI. Jb.<br />
Abt. Syst., ~(6): 667-678.<br />
SINGH, K. S. (1953): Echinostoma thapari n. sp. <strong>from</strong> an Indian fish, Notopterus ch itala (Hamilton).<br />
- Thapar Comm. Vol., 245-250.<br />
YAMAGUTI, S. (1971):' Synopsis <strong>of</strong> digenetic <strong>trematode</strong>s <strong>of</strong> vertebrates. Vol. 1-2. - Publ. by<br />
Keigaku Publishing Co. Ltd.<br />
Received 25 May, 1984<br />
Dr. LIM LEE HONG, S.<br />
Dr. FURTADO. J. I.<br />
University Malaya<br />
Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur,<br />
MALAYSIA<br />
44