pakistan geographical review 1954 - University of the Punjab

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(b) Fuels, lubricants, repair spares and depreciation. A B C Rs. 4 II 6 Rs. 4 6 5 Rs. 2 7 0 Depreciation of implements. WORKING COSTS pER HOUR Three types of cultivation is done viz. Labour and overheads working on average 80 hrs. expenses s». 200 p.m. Rs. 2 8 0 Rs. 2 8 0 Rs. 2 8 0 (c) (a) Harrowing 3 / / similar to bullock ploughing. (b) Disc Tiller ploughing 5" or 6". (c) Cultivator 5" to 7". Depreciation: Harrow -/6/- per hour. Disc Tiller 1/-/-"" Cultivator -/6/-"" The working cost per hour of these Tractors will be: A. B. (d) 1. With Harrow Rs. 7 9 6 Rs. 7 4 6 2. With Cultivator Rs. 7 9 6 Rs.7 4 6 3. Disc Tiller Rs. 8 :-l 6 Rs. 7 14 6 life. (e) (j) The above represents full costs per hour assuming 8,000 The output per hour is as follows :- (a) Harrow 2 acres per hour. (b) Cultivator 1.2" " (c) Disc Tiller 1.1 " " " The cost per acre is approximately as follows :-- Implement. A (Powerine). B (High SPeed Diesel). Harrow Rs.3 12 9 Rs.;} 10 3 Cultivator Rs. 6 5 3 Rs.6 0 0 Di~c Tiller Rs. 7 8 0 Rs. 7 3 3 Cost of bullock cultivation. Pakistan. One pair of bullocks for 2 days @ Rs. 2/8/- One labourer @ Rs. 1/4/- Depreciation and interest Total. Rs. 7 3 6 Rs. 6 14 5 Rs. 4 15 0 C. Rs. Ii 5 0 Rs.5 5 0 Rs.5 15' 0 to 10,000 hours C (Luw speed Diesel). Rs.2 10 6 Rs.4 7 0 Rs.5 6 4 Rs.5 0 0 Rs.2 8 0 Rs.O 8 0 Total Rs.8 0 0 Many claim bullock cultivation costs Rs.!:l or more per acre in West It will be seen from this comparison that Tractor cultivation costs less than half bullock cultivation when the Harrow is compared with bullock ploughing. It may be noted also that the Crude Oil Tractor is the cheapest in operating costs. Cultivation with Disc Tiller or Cultivator is much superior to 32 H.P. 34 :33 35
ullock cultivation and costs are not comparable. While the calculations for' Tractor work can be regarded as accurate, there is room for argument regarding the actual cost of bullock cultivation. Another way of looking at it i'l as follows: Assuming 12t acres of irrigated land per pair of bullocks and that five operations per acre will represent the total cultivation this means 62.5 acres ploughed or cultivated or sown per pair. It is sometimes claimed a pair of bullocks will plough an acre a day-if so the animals are working one day in six only. It is here assumed 1- an acre a day is normal and one day in three of cul tivation. One acre of Kharif fodder and one acre of Rabi will be consumed by the cat tIe and this @ Rs. 20 a Kanal = Rs. 320 per pair. Add carting and labour in cutting and in feeding the animals we can add -/8/- per day-vor Rs. 175 per annum. Wheat Bhusa-50 mounds @ Re. 1 & 10 mds Gram bhusa @ -/8/- Rs.55. Concentrates estimated @ 20 seers per month @ 7)-/- a mauud costs Rs. 42. The total comes to Rs. 550 which if debited to cultivation only comes to approximately Rs. 9 per acre, The cattle, however, do some carting of grain from the Threshing floor to the village and some other occasional jobs, so the figure of Rs. 8 per acre calculated above is not far wrong. There is no doubt that mechanisation would increase the food supply and cash crops by at least 15%. This is an automatic increase quite apart from better yields as pointed out above. Cost of mechanieation.:-: Taking a unit of 300 acres for a Powerine Tractor of 25 H.P. to 35 H. P. the total cost of mechanisation will be about Rs, 21,000 or Rs. 70 per acre. Recurring expenditure will be round Rs. 7,000 per annum. Use of Poiaerine Tractors in uncultivated Areas.- The vast areas now uncultivated in West Pakistan representing as it does at least 3 times the cultivated area should nut be neglected. In most of this area the rainfall is only 5 / / per annum but even so it carries some natural bushes and grass which flourish after rain and give considerable grazing and fuel. With a fast moving Powerine Tractor it would be bossible to greatly increase the number of bushes and grasses by quick cultivation and showing of seed. Plants suited to arid conditions are available in other parts of the world and a systematic effort by Government could d) an enormous amount in increasing our resources for feeding of sheep, goats and camels. References :--(1) Paper by Author at Pakistan Science Congress 1950. (2) Tests of Tractors at Isakhel Estate, Kotsamaba [Bahawalpur State) through courtesay of Sirdar Ghazanfarullah Khan. 33
Page 1 and 2: PAKISTAN GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 1954 V
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS page 1. Regional Balance i
Page 5 and 6: Vicinal Relations. The geographical
Page 7 and 8: studies of a comprehensive nature a
Page 9 and 10: Rainfall. In West Pakistan there is
Page 11 and 12: There is a great difference in West
Page 13 and 14: the fuel wood IS available in very
Page 15 and 16: It will be seen that the distributi
Page 17 and 18: 14 Minerals. A great variety of min
Page 19 and 20: LAND USE SURVEY OF WARAH AND KOT MA
Page 21 and 22: actually the limitations of resourc
Page 23 and 24: --,~ CL,\SSIFIC,\TIO. •Of' LAND .
Page 25 and 26: The foflowing table gives the month
Page 27 and 28: small patches. The small area under
Page 29 and 30: WARAH & MAt-K;AL _ ' IN MAPNQ J \ I
Page 31 and 32: THE ECONOMICS OF POWER CULTI- VATIO
Page 33: 4. Weed control is better. Persiste
Page 37 and 38: 150,000 tons of coal per year mined
Page 39 and 40: embarked on a policy of state capit
Page 41 and 42: Texthel Textiles may be called the
Page 43 and 44: On the whole factories are few in t
Page 45 and 46: In tobacco products and cigarette m
Page 47 and 48: steel products like' locks and othe
Page 49 and 50: SUKKUR AND ITS ENVIRONS-A GEOGRAPHI
Page 51 and 52: dry. RailfaH at Sukkur is less than
Page 53 and 54: of Parsi merchants and the houses o
Page 55 and 56: influx of Muslims from India who ha
Page 57 and 58: year 1918, a cotton press was also
Page 59 and 60: 6. Ice Making ... 4 Oil 12 lee 12 t
Page 61 and 62: Because of this, it is necessary to

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