Authoritarianism and Undsdevdopmenl

Chaptor Five
Authoritarianism and Undsdevdopmenl
In Chapler Four, *€ have dieuscd the desrruclion of d.moc@y &d
@Nlidatior of d aulhonrliq siare in P&i5re W. hlw inv$rigar€d *hy ed
how Pakbi@ attain d lhe st ius ofa .cti.nr stare, ofrlE Unit d Slar6. We hlve
ha.€d the linlagc b€tBen Dcf.N P&ls dd AudDnhrioisn in pslist n in rhe
conlext ofAnsice Powd Systen. In this chapter, w. rjU exein rhe foms ot
A nodtariais od tn@rica of Devclopn€nl f@Ging on djvagoe i,
dewlophmt Wc have atgu.d rhal .Dep.ndflcy pdadign can explai. rhe
*irrirg underdev.lopDor in Paljst.. and Ifuy orhcr Ttird Wodd 6utri.'
we hav. suege$.d a .Dep.nddcy Moddl' lhal @ b. apptic.bt to patisle. A
o4@i'!€ alrlysis of India dd Patisr4 in lhe @Dtqr of N@colod.t si.Ls
ed cconomic d€v€lopm€nt Ev€als O. simildili€s dd dif.r€ncs in hlo
i.nsio6 ofBnrish @tonialish_ Hoftvd, .tn€ bae fion rtich dh sl&tld &d
signjfcmt ditrercnc6 in political, €co.ohic, ed s@isl circunlsldes mdc
direcl @Dpqrie6 dilficull'. I
1. Foms of Authoritarianism and Theories of Development
DivcrgeM in lhc d.vclopmcfl of Est Asid tud tjti! Ansico NIC5
(Nwly Induhializ.d Nariond h6 risg.rld d€b.r. owr the lh.ory berlth
ady6.i!s of node@iztion ed deFndcncy alpoehcs in &couring for |he
*1"f"; f-*
*t " "."0,n
4d LrMis Kux, !.dh and Po
'te:
fh. Fna Fttlt v.us,
240

EgioDl divdgen@. lnflre@d by thc neN Americd dcvelopnenl of
dd€lopDor th@ry b€sed on Ami@ pdgnarin dd dpincisr! . l&ee
setion of th€ @s4h sing lhe modenizaiion apFalch on div.iged
d.Elopmcfl f(rcs on eononic dw.lopndf'] rl[t ha tccome .cqut.d de
/acb of not /eJrr? with 4ononic sro*rh. Ir in nn ws nesur.d by tn. gbs,rl
of GNP F @pira. t Wnnq rh. wile6 of d€pen.Lncy app&lch iGist on a
brcadq 'concept of d.v€lopn nf haviry dtre dFcts: grc$,rh (the eonomic
6peD, cquality (1h. $ci.t apc.t) dd tib.ny (ll!e poliljcd AFci) I I'ii. brcad
dcfinition then includ$ thos iocierat ondilioB rhai prcmor. pcMal grcMlL
.conomi. ere*rh,.q!.liry in rhc disiribution of*e5lrh, ed poliricgl tib.ny. .TL
dcge of.qu,lity i! th€ diliribution of qlatlh my tF rFlyztd alone a ihb€,
of etiotul dim.tuioror ub.n-ml, labo.{apiral. ed along inda{ls
dinmio6: ldg€-smatt idNti.s, brsc{n[ll ra,ns, ski ed-eskilt.d labor., J
Libeny i3 m es* ial €l€nenr of d.m@r&y, atonS wrn a $.t€ cx@ur'v€
.@utablc io d eleled pqtillMt aad rcgdd, fai. eledod 6 M@
/^!@ Alhmd od C. BinChm powtL aarp@de poti d a Dtutop ad ^wo*^
f lfu. bnfc B'l[4 le66). Aid D.trt t t N, tk pN6eotr\dthod 3*,i|,0.ri* vcr
:1r.dE F31. .r.h. ps.roehod
_o-ujlgn
or und.rd.4ropm.nr
n.Mdd ?6 rd. ?001 < ib / miadrbba* pfo rlfanr - p
u@
7
R. aktud, ,Div.lgd cEEtofcnr, ft. pblir ot L,heny E{uj,ry d Gbrib
h Argd6 dn $. R.pubh d Km . rfu,,t { porjd svttu Rspoth j (t,iz), IIr.r07.
^N w t w' D.p

s!@ifically. liberty includ.s both political gbfi &d civil libenies. 7 Frcm lhis
FBpetiv., d.t miMl f-toB ir @t@ic d.wlopMr w@ 6lly sial
ed sial chdgc', th€Fforc, sed€d rh. key lo botn soci.l ed donomic
dw.lopmdr I Ihh pdsp@tivc &gH for inrrodwing .quiry dd ctrcimy in
eonohic.levelopnent. e
1.1 Modernization Theoriesand Neo+vlodemizataon
Cmnt denGrariarion th@ry is indebr€d !o 6 g@r€r d.8@ to th.
nodtuization rhery of 0!c I950s ard l96os llar .vEtualcd ln. Eqlisil6 of
d.ncradarion in developing cowies It @ .!d.d lhfl b€yond cenain
th$hol.ls of e.ononic ttcv.lopo€nl, s@ieties be@ne lm complex, ed
sitlly mbilt d ro bc solh.d by ludront ri4 m.d '0 Tne mjor
4gmer! the nod€reni4lion lh6ry pl.s.red ss rlEt high incode @uni.is
gF nosl litcly b b. dej@ndc ed rhar iiclaing |nctuy' ulldzlrio4 and
non-agriculural .nploym€nl wde tinLd wilh gtuwing lendency ro polilical
ptniciMon, by inlding rh.t elnoriralioih n€€d @r be dvjall. ,1 tosr
ldcls of modercnialion drd my fl6 b. quile hmonios wirh th. featuFs to
isry pE-nod6n si€rics. Th@ @ tw maior 0a*! wirh lhc mod.Miatior
tl@ry. IiBl, it dc @t idd{ry the rbi.shotd beyond whi.h.dtro.it tiditu is
I tuynod adil T1'. cmFdiE sn4 or FE don Err.6iN d sussddJ, s*rd u
.:o pedtu tdmto,at t)dpr@ 25. tr r990r )r50
'Atrdrr"cmder Fdk, ,Tre D.v.tQn. ofUid.rd.v.lopno. An
urobjosruphi..t Esy,, op.
'q G.ki.l Abm-nd .nd c. ainshrn Pokt\ c@ttuit. porittu: ,t dadopd.l /nrw^ 6c.
.ir , p9. 25trr2 Aid .l$ s Ddil 1.ffi, n psins {f.rdi,id,.I s;ii!. q, ci
242

m 6oE viable. " Tne hiel! ldels of ircon. and sial nobilizarion in Ddy
omuist @uhi€s in E@pc ed .urhorir.rim regimes in E sr Asia indic&
tlEr a quiic hig! ldel is qujtld fd uvi.bility of elhorirad&lm. Horcwr,
th€ €xpedence of demmacy in Indio ol s v.ry low l.vel of incohc ed low
lercls of nod.Fniz,rioi !G6 a pbbld to rlis ptoposirion aid r*6 il
sppe.ni ihal nodeqiation l.v.ls e not dctemieL md bftly codiitut n
aviDmdr dal may b€ d$E or ts fccutladvc of eftain ti.dr of egin.,
rulin8 oul demochcy o.ly ar rh€ v€ry lowcsl leveh &d authoiiffieism only ar
Funh@orc, noddianioh O@ries sr veietj of rh. origiDl
sitg$ of gre$th i&a pbpos.d by Rciow, r, nis .pp@h of dcv.l@mdt
dploys . najor probl€n: how ro ercougc ftdilional @nom'€s !o !.ach rhe
sLgq of 'laldlf into sElain d @rcmic grewlh. Thc ldvie fo. iftMire
gosnh r€quir.d n.w invesrh.nB in indusLy: eilhq inpon suhtiruring, G M
tne Dod€ in Palisih ed majo.ily of L.rin Andi@ @utri6, o, expori
odd.d in E6t tuia wilh rh. purp@ of S.dcdrins hplo}td and inpovi.g
labc pbdndiviiy. This developn€nl nodcl psM.s rhar s go*d @8,
thc posirivc etr€cr ofimFs.d p'odudon filt .nickl.{o*A' to rho* slioB
ofp.ople wbo e nol di@rly involyed in ihe dt@ic sloB, Ilft nodct
' FoirhBlod d cias S,lm.. i.d I Denoda.r, dD.qapd, th? R.Ehd ot
utn Munn ydd (L6dil.| B.tr!rc, poh,iB
t9941
" E oMic rh.ory of hod.hiad k b.e.d d rh. fir uC6 of d.vdAnor tm R@*r
I udy, p.@ndfroD ff utofi. rh. Erofr
dr FlB $.
b mrtdy. d I'i3h
'B 6BMpr;d ro rhi!.rpo{,o4 Rotu irs buM
psro. sh
r
o b' s. pomdid of Tn.d wo ^csdds d n(l@,,ron tf h. prcbt.m hcmg t h,rd
word @ub6 6'd.! m rieu brk or pmdu.r.t. ,n\..mnq un lh. eturion hB ,n fi.
. fm or..prbt, krn-toly, ,nd .rFn,* \l R@w.
)41

le.& lowards a lin@ devclopmenl path ending in W4lem-slyle' nd*ci
onoled sieri*. Th€ ud€rlying b€lief b $al the culr@l ditrlsion of W.sto
econohid techlologi.al prcccses and $c .ohpatibility of scial sruclms witl
fore lhe dev.loping @utri.s i. rhe long M to ado ln. cnar&Lristi6 ofile
.lcv€loFd oG, ln this lim{ prcglK, the pcdiction is fia1 r.adniotul si€ri.t
wiu ev€nrully advace thrcud thc slaees tnai hlve b€€n schiwed by
d.v.loFd si.tie. h is au.d $ar let of hUtM skilts ed inverndr
@piid m $e m6jor prebl.ns, th.rcfor, rhe srslem of beks dd d€v.lopnent
Nrsr.ne !g@i.s swh 6 lhc IMF &d rlE Vodd Bant e d6jgn

impaded a false view ot Abericd history, suhtituting *lf{arisfelion
The failu€ of @ly mod.hizdion $oryt €xp€.r.tioB fot
dcmocnij?,tior in th€ devcloping coutries of thc Thjrd Wodd dendded
@Ni&olion of the tn@ry. .xdplili.d by Hurin$on\ pohical Ordq in
Chdging S@ieties.') His.ont hrio. ps lo show ihat socjat mobiljsarion io
.Lv.loping @brds nighl l.ad, not ro doo@riedon hft ro $tw hc csllcd
'Fetorieisi.' H. bsrted fiat il muld h6pp€n b€@us€ mobiliaiion .x@dcd
inc @nomic daelopboi rnd potiridt iNriftnion building EquiEd ro sdisry
rad !.6lmodatc it. His eghml M rhar m €xp..lcd odcom. of r.sdlirg
austradon of d.nhdr euld be dierdd ,ad ch@s, in rmr givinS ri* to
nilit,ty int€rcrtion. rt Hutingtont &8mdn o. ord€r building is being
oiii.ized for advocaling dicralobhip s a stltion 10 pnetoriaisd, lhoueh he
B &rually qun. .xplicir $.t milihy diclaloBhiAe only Epticared padoridish
ed stability rcquii€d ln6t padicipation d€meds be sathfi.d rhrough i.sdnrtion
bujlding. Red.tuing @ly hodd &6ry, Hutingion ee!.d dl,l lhrcu8h aowh
panhipdtior md orgdising a consinEcy for the rtgim€, panicutarty mong
pflioNly nd-panicipant Ms.r singtc plrry synm m b. a vi.bte dd
mod.m fom of aulhodidiaftm dd slabitis slal6 in rhc tresidoo ro modfrity,
H. b.li€ved th.. sine mi6 @d bl@ucsi6 e eptble of inpcing odd
'fron lhe oubi& md cli@ralisr n tw*s do nol hrv. rhc Lgni@y ro buy $c
'' Elic vdLEwp.aatte pcopt *ttudr(r@ {B. etq. unjsRiry of c:hfmh hs!
re32l D B.
" Ssu.l P. HuringoD. p,/,.ar ald- ,n ah.nahs Sacdta, q cr Fd rh. dirdid

loFlry ol ldge m.s of p@ple, lb€y l&k tuh inrnituiion buildine rlBl s
€snlial if€Cim.s wee to 'penchale' ecicry md incorpomc consuruencEs.
Anoiho barir lo d.n@Etielion F.poed by rhe kir6 of nod.m
theorica m thrr .apit list ecmulation ih nodmking cou n.s d.Danded
tjd prefits fo. i$!sro6 *hil. sqrzins wort6 ed parers Fsulting jn
inq€a.d iftqudny in the developne po@s. '7 Tn y tholehl 1hEt d€noda{c
iEriturions wE Dable ro .ontlin lhir stinulared clN onflict qfiich irvit d
aulttodbdm elurions. T1l€ other de@€.t pFsred ir fiat tn€ dhpdiry b.iwcen
srlr. &d idddry gddted Aom dE diergaized iFposnion by iFFdatim of
lerilorjal bouddics m€mt rhat majonly of te Thid World @{olonial sraies
laled lhc tundmcnr.l on$A6 on polidcd @muity, sbar.d nadodood.
EnldSed @nomic inequliry se.dard by unconlolidated poliiical identity
prenolas.

faidy piinitive foms, sncb s pcMrdisric dictatoBhips dd miliLry jums dd
moG iNtitution lis€d' authod&ie egih6, wilh single pany/@rpoarisi
sysl€m .nd bwalcnlic,1|chnochli€ insfiulioB. Ir dgues thlr a[hontario
tdms of peMn.listic di.rabrshitc ad nilirlry julls t&k instiiuiion l abliry io
ircludc s(49oniv. wial foMs md inpl.ncnr poli€y ed G ooly likely lo b.
viabl. ar lower l.vcls of development. On ih. onlrary, more .inslirurionalisd'
d$onlari& Gdms, wi$ singl. p{iyl@rponrin sysrems ard
b@ucEiidtahrocratic iEriiulio6 @ cotuid€r€d Flatively hoE ,hodeh,'
[wirg tlF Dcsibliiy to be e@ irctEiv. dd dl@! rhe @pa.iry ro pllls
delelopnent goals md rhe.bility !o be duble ar oDid@bly highc, leveh of
dq.lopmot This $h@l $8as1s r!,t rh@ is nc.d b $parre .populisl
authori&rid Egim€s liom buEauqaric authoritnio. iesines, althols} both
cplBdi OE dcvelopoi fom ol althoriI{riais. Fbn Ois point of vi.e, Jaldr
is coNidded s cpre*ntatirc of .bwud.tic au{@.iririeisD sd Chim a m
€wplc of populisl aurhonbri&isD'. A@rdirg to rhis ei.w, populin
sulhoril&im Egincs @ iniriat d duinS.dy-middl. pdiods of dd€lopl@t s
a e$lr of tui.ldlc class Gbcltioro agaiosl old oligefiB tud thcy int€nd io
&livde md irclude la€d s4tim of poputarion in th. Ime of .cdisributiv.
Etdm. o.1h. oth.' ha4 bl@@nric authorirlrid rsiD6 e.bs.riH s a
ph4onhoo of rl| rasition to nN politics in which ertdir''i& pow€r is
ucd by th€ nilitary ding o0 behalf of rlF bourgeohie ed toEig. capilal io
exctud. me mbilising elting clN in rlF nm of epir.t dMuhri@. Som
Micts clain $al populist auihorit rieism h successtut fom of .uihoriarimiu
241

e.e it .o$titot s a fomul. for coBtrudins quhe dMbL cgims th.1
n]mg.d !o ov.rcom. th! 'pr&lorisis" 'e Tn y sule.st 0ui rh. dubiliiy of
populkt e$oitarimisn d.p.nd. on sd.El f&!o6 s'ttich @ intcrl@kiog, ro
It should not b. 3urprtuing, whci hr.d-liM sugg.ns th.t th. Elst Ade
modcl.'eonomic gtoMh first. d.nbcdy l.tci, hold! moF.n!&tton. Withir
th. nodmization pd!di8n, it hls b..i !8Ed thal coutli$ Nl.d by
dthorirsriois €sp@ially in E$t od Souo..!t Asi. d mrc likcly 10 b.
..@micdly 3l@stul rh{ do@6ric coutrid. Exdpl6 q@Ld in f!rcr of
lhis tlais @ Sollh Ko@. Singlpoc, M.bysi..nd Tajwtr which gw urlcr
sdnorir.rid agim duing thch Fiod of grosrh. This th€sis is bo*d d the
@F.!t of &i.n v.l*s. Thc con cpt of A$e vdB mirlriB thrl .ulhori&ie
sov.ffir
tu ultin.r.lt sup.rior to d@d@y, aldbugh n sutrcrcd r gnlt blow
.n6 thc A5h fimirl qbis of 198. Il 3rss6!i tllll thc @nmn Co!tucid
h6itgg. pmvidcs th. crpllrnion for tllc dcrclopmdLl $rc.s of J.!ai &d d&
Es3r Asis NlEs, "
Th. tFmodstia$o lircr.lm vics ihrt rhc cn rs of
cdnrieis ircluding 6per fd cd!.ni@, dii.iplitu, h.!d b* atd
cooFdjon *fr .l thc lklt of oldiriodl s'd pFtices ir Chirc$ sicti6,
hDdr &d Souti Korll, dd conEibut d loelrd! @.stitutiry thc bah of a rcw
'' sbM 8.rd.nm, ,rdrat didrrr i, syia: lerdiE ud l$ial cdlltd llt@ ut
Lddm: cdn.ll Uii6it PB!, 1999), pp. l-29.
n Rrynod Hiffibsh, /raddrc, t ltti6 oI tk Mind. EN

mmmic culiue." Howev€r, rh@ hav. b.o shining positioG on thc b.nefits
of Confucim hdi.ge. Th. nost signifiMl is Hu ingron\ innlHd.l srudy on
de@y. *nich p$hs a fudddtd incompalibiliry b.rwd rh€ Conircie
hedrage .d modem denodaric pleiices. At th€ sdn. rime, Huringron is
tqp.d to &rno*t dgc thai CotrnEid hcrft.ge dy hrv. .$me dturrs thlr
e mDpaliblc with d€m6r&y'.! Exisrine lnotogies clsiry nost E4t Aiio
@utrie! a.uthorirdri&. ! ,apdl th. Philippir6. Taiw, Thailed dd South
Kou G @nsid.Ed d.nerui*; hdonesia is @Biddr

F@ic derelop@r ir NodlEsr Asi& c@ti6 ircludirg Taiea. taFn dd
sodh Kos sN ro harc aeLrd a taidon [o danetuy, $tile ns a!st@
in Moqoli. od Nonn KoE pMibcd a e ob6alclc in t€ 'parh to
'!
den6@y'. nrc Southerst Asie @Mtrics illusnc a Evce ce 6 shom ir
I.bl. 4: ItrdietoB of Potriql rradoE .rd E@noDic Crurtt (Un-f@
7.5 UmEilabl.
T.Dle 5: hdi@lo6 of Polddl Fr..dod .nd EcoloDi. Gnlt (P.ntlr fu
250

Trble 6: Iulic.loE of Polilic.l FrudoD ud E@loDic Grorvtl lTr..
so@: cod{.diE Se!, ol Fr.ddr F lqron ir d, Vdkl PoliriEl RiBtr r.d
Civil Rigic . Yd 20m. fBbcttol!!, Rdi.v.d to Mry 20o..
< ldp://w,6cdonnow.o4fr dmtiidd hh>
Emti.icillt thc @jity of politicd rtgimd i! Esi Asia povid€s
mladictory cvid.ncc b th. qxmnic dcrcmids of m.tcni$rion d@dd
As di$lscd .bovc, nodmislrio rhdisrs e lbmidB rrc of lh6.
wak@es at'd hltr bem indulg.d b e .tlon io €p6ir rh. rory wilhoui
rclinquishirg thc cas ial paDdign o. cst goies, Confionied wil]l mituutou
@ioEic p.ogB in E$i Aiia duing rhc t9E0s ed edy t990s,lhc rt@ry B
ttlicwd lo sugS€l l[6l dtho.nsrieis b.efiLd lwly irdurriatisirg
@utde a lh.y ki.k*t ned lhet .comni* &d rbat ana rh. iniriat phe of
8bwlh, @nr.adiciioi! b.iw.6 alrho.itari.nim ed @iialisn lvoutd tdssd ihe
tlvoluli@ 10 d.bocey. wllr is signindt b note is thd qtuld modmj&tid
odisrs do @t d.vi!r. sisnif@dy fiom O. modctdsalion p.r.disE; dEy
n.tly Edefi!. authorirl.ieim 6 . srcppinS{oN !ows& th. 6d-poin1 of
251

d.n@d.y. :t F€nt obsFes lhat '$.lik€s ofRonos, Pye, Pml &d HDlingon
mte ed &t€d lo inpo* "deD@lacy'und.r lh. miulary boo1. Evo l,\e Qud.d
Blnoit clained to have slatistically d€mo.strated lhat noe nilitarr = moe
ddclopmqr Political nodmiaB likc Aprcr, Almond ed Colm condoncd
th. Third world nehi wing authodbrie dgiics in the Im€ of loliti.al
'!mo.dy" md @@mic "dslopmcni".'r'
Anofi.r anmF b evi$ modmierion rh@iy b the nod.m
audroiit{iflisn' th6is. Pnor to Ois rcvhion, au$oritaridtn had h.o thought
ofas a pre-modm phe dd it ws b.lieved tnal sith modemisalion, socielies
eith€r develop inlo lolalitarid or dem@rslic politis. Rejeting this tt?ology,
LiM\ obseryalion of Spain led hib io sgu.lh.t r.8ihes @dd b€ snthoritsim
ud dod.m. u' His dennif@ of&thoriLriuism bs bdome cBE:
Ardbftaia Egim6 e polidcd synms *irh linit€4 ftl 6!oEibL,
pohical pluralin; withour clabobc tud suidins id6lo6/ Gul with
distirctiE m.nlalitis); without int 6iv. no. .xtc8ivc poliricd
mobiliadon (ei.epr sde poinb in rlE d€vclopn€nrs); ed in shich a
lodei (or ocdioiilly a snall gtup) cxcrcies powr wirhh fomally ill
defined linils but rlu.lly quitc !rediciabk o.es. "
The concept of Asie values, which {gued for a uiqE Ft of A5ian
imtitutions tud politcal id@logi6, involving aurhoriiarid govemdr w6
c.b.lloged by So\ w* tnli hebed d.finc th. .DaSing field ofsocial Choi@,
TIE thcory ofs@ial Choie wd Fopos.d fiEt by tt An d@@nohinKd
ia. Rol,/,, potr@r.hexrtu h t"d@'.tinrz,rria (London, Rdd.dsq teer).
_ AndF cundd Fmk, .Tn ftEtopn. of lid.rdodopnar: Ai Aurobaoentth.t Esy.,
'J.Liii an aurhoriEiu R.einr r[. c4 of sp!jr,, in E A[.rd dd s. Rouln Gdg ) 16r
l otitt*: studi* k P otiuca! sadotos) (x.w Yo*: rE. P:.s, I e70).
252

A@w, elD agued thal all voling tules, bc th€ dajonty vorinS or rwo- thidr
najomy or slalu q@, dusr indirably confli€:r sn€ basic dem@raric ftn.
Scn's wort shov€d uder what .ondilioDs Arow's Impossibility of T!@rcm
wuld @Dc ro DB, rr His 6nt ibution tut only dr.ndcd ad tuichcd rn lictd
of S@ial Choicc il also innuen€ed the ma of eonobic m4wnenr ofporedy
.rd ircqu.lrty. S6's @rccln of .caprbitily' is rhc dosr Evotution ry
coalribution kl &vel@n6r €@noni6 and s€ial indica!06, which dg6 lhai
govcmdb should b€ n a$red againrt the @.cEic @pdtiliri.s of lhen
c'1i4s. It is up !o the individu.l si.ry ro nEke lhe ljsr ofoinimM cap.bititis
g@et€ed by ibat sciery. tn his ituisr€nce on dking quesrions of vatue. long
moved rbm s.rios €dohic @6id.ndon, s€tr pos€d a mjor chdl.nge !o rb€
.&nomic nod.l thal porrayed self.inlei.sr s rhe prime notivating falo. of
hhtu rtjvity. r'1 Simil&ly, FErl &gu6 rhrl .da€lop@at mut itutude mor
d.n@Ecy. (MoE) dmocracy bust irclude (noe) Bpet for hwd nghts.
ftce riehs oust includc (hoE) polnicat fFedom of sp€lr dsdizrrion dd
.toie. H@rcr,lhe hl|!m ddts musl d$ incbd. Ms
ed $cial b6ic hwo n€eds rce$aty lo cxe'cise s@h potilical choie'.
'
1.2 The Dependency Theory and Neo-Colonialism
The d.po.lency lh@ry p@vides a ben€r urd.sidding fo. diverg€nce
i
Sa Amdt! s.n, Cr,r4 r dr,4 ,id y.6rc4,r ro\rm. O\tord I fllo,ry phi tou)
:',sc annrta *1, o1 EhB ud E@@ra ro)rord o\ford urtr6i9 pEr t9!7)
- Andr Gu.d.' Ftut flE Untadqdtorcfl of O.Etopnd: Ar Autub,osFphst E3j.y.. op
253

in thc development in East AsiA Latin Ameri@ ed Imy Third Vorld
sut i6 ircluding Palisra, f@Biig on thc egional !ei!do6 of U.S- policy
duing d€ coEtrucdon of U.S. heg€nony or Aidicd Sysr€D of Powo ano
World Ws Ir. It argls lhdl lhe develophdt p@dign @ rhe chjld of @-
joFrialisn dd n€G@lonialifr. .t d4.lopcd s p6n dd pdcet iGrnbdt of
tn. rcw postBa An€ncd h.gmony. Am.d@ mbirioG dr.dcd old th.
d

This pltoFnlmi cd b. crrmincd in $e FBFctiy. of d.Fdfty
paadigrr which explai$ th€ inlcrd.Fnd.nt natw of the wdd capinlht
sylt d in itl hi$oncal dincaion focuirs on rh. lotal rcrmrk oI s@ial
El.lioN a they aolv€d in difl@i @ni.xts d.r tift, Depoddcy Thory
heavily bqrew A@ thc Vdld-Syn@ Thdy n rhal prepos a mdudly
cinf4inE sy$.,n of mtioFsr.re ard . mel(.r synd ofcapinlis cddged
in Euope het86 1450 dd | 620. Th. 3yno, drcud proes of bbad€ning
and d..poine, h6 .levelop€d ovo tim. ad now mompdes vinu.lly all
aFa of1h. world, It is dilided, ir d ini.hational division oflabor, into rcrcs
of.@nonic &tivity il which th. core st t6. through ueq@l exclmge, exploil
pcnph.ral .M &rd siaI6. nE udqlying pdrciple upon which exploitano. is
b$.d is a.flon bt the c4it listds itr ih. mdd6yslcn to prcfit im rbit
Elrtio8bip, by ddivilg sulDlu @piol ltd .rf.nditr8 dn ts. B.t@r lhc
@fts of @E ed Fdphery is tla si-pcriphcry. A simild rclalionship cisrs
b.twa cc ed @i-pqiphery. In this cs., cspit l dqiv.d by thc ce fton
0E smi-Friphery coms tom comodiri.! thal Equirc moE advmed
iechnolosid-indusiial 6ther t& .Eiculiual. Fi6t inorposiion dd rhen
in!.gfllion o@N. fte sni-Friphqd srltc! wort to 8sdd roMidr tbe coE
- l'WEl W!U*i4 TL P'er Se of ft D.5.r. o tydld rer-Iiy, i. Mich.d A.
S.ligs(.d.)opcn rwrrlc*iG tt t/,J', ,yf/qddr or. ci. t. wrtrdei'\ lt.
OpjdinwaldE.dm'(CdhridgcC.rbid!.Uii6iryPB,tcr9)- t- wiUei4
'D.Elor.MarllBim? E ffiir dd r,rri.dl ,r'rt, vot.21, No r9 G.r6b..) t9t3:
2017-2rD1. L vdr.ddA Tn ColhF. ofuhqdis1. fk S6i.lij Rqnt@ t99t,t926:
96|r0. A r. w!lk&i4 a.,prlrr8 tidA.eale EsaFutkchrtEirErrdt*srd.n
255

y oglging in @Eli*. &.riviri6. it Th. @E ilslf.larpte !o Nitrhir ilt
position cl.dE !o lhc otls arci. TIF p@6s hvolvcs r s.rnls of cdMic
crcl.s, ir $tich th@ c alldr.tiiS Fdo& of 8lob.l @imic grevth r of
@Dmic sraeDtiotvMt&lior4Eg@ni..
wltd n Ld d€F ddEy F|?disE e po$trtul is ilr holbtic &d birtori.rt
lppl@ll It vi* sid l!3liy B e int snt d *nok. Ftlo i!! FBpetiE,
polilidl &d cco!@ic p!!.c!g i. a si.ty h!rc m indcpsdsn qincci dEy
int grd. nno. sinSL wb offi|rctEl rcl.tione D@cd@y p.ndigE slg
thc impoturtc of llE uy inLnrlt ard .xtdDrl 3tanrd @mponcDl3 c
c.6Ft d in clabditiis fi.3detu l cont rr of ud..dcvclopMl. tu slr
lid.d.wlopftnl is not julr lh. our.lm of 'qr.Brl coutlrnll' ok FiplMl
siai6 litc Prltuillr mr o dcFdcey b. 'oFr iotrli5s' cxcluriw9 wi0r
rcfettlr. to cxr.rDsl vltirbl6. A@tdhg to Vsla|'u.b .nd Vd.|t4lt:
DcFdcy in . 8ircn si.ty ir . cdpld s.l of in enich
dtc cxt€rI.l direBioB N d!:rdnin lirc i. vrying 'ssi.li@ degt*s, &d iid.cd,
int nal wiatioN my vcry wll Einfoc ilE Fltm of ql.n'l
linhg6. HBbdcrlly, ii ha b€.n rcry @ for led iDrdBB [o &Fl@
or tr FdplEy, *nich.r. c{plblc of chrgi.8. stE.dfitl policy of
*lf*u$.in d dcEloprn.it. Donii&n le5l int Esrs, givm th. n t@ of
ds .tmgcmDrs odsinC fim lhc cb.eLdsri€ of p6ipha.l
@nomi4 h.vc tadcd lo frvor drc DM.lion of Fsli.uldior of
p.tktu of d.?.fttary in lEn i ct9]
TI|c Cold Wa id ttlc AtlErio Po*!f of Syliqn bdgl|t dccF@Ld
@nmic &d polilicd chasd in Elst A!h. h ire vit[ cotrs.dtriw .lir6
'Cfrri6rtacb&-Dda C/or.r'Fdrrr S,'l@a 41,. Ydla E on t Ol.qfdll
! S.ffl V*|eh an Atu V.L@|{ Mo& djd .rd D.rEsr: AIEujE
Prrdtic ir dE sndy of lrh AEtu Udsd.dorMr', in Mnh.ll. A. sclige, (.d.),
Ik Gq tM Rtt.td P@ CN.'di'E P.Btdt'a d Polurrd Edo" q
^L
255

of Ean Asia ir wa ecwd $ar $€ @lales of capir.lism in China, KoEa, and
lnd@hiE r@ wll p€$dcd. As a cds.qme of Andtu in!.Bmiioq atl
lh.s. coudri* wre 10 be paniioned. To toaintain irs hegenonic hoE, n was
Mtial fo. the United Slaie th,r it pGetucd a @piolist eMonic sph@ i.
Ari., for dBl il foughl tujor ws in E$t tuia an6 f.iling h atrlnpls b do e
by mn-milillry &d politicat ne4. The gEl sftngrh of idigooB
comndism in Ea.r Asia forccd th. U.S, !o opl for w in Kod &d Vie[m.
CoMtis lik€ thc Philippin€s md rndorcsia 'wr corlained widroul le6e
lo tull-sale U.S- milirary ircretrtioa r!
Th€ pioretioo of c.pilalisn in Esr Asia by politicalhilirary mtus
Mt lhe iit gnl p6n of rh. lsrgq p@s of @hmodating a elrucluld
hpd€s coE ifio tne Clobal capitllisl coE, Japan rls the key i. An€d6
d6igN ro dinrlin slabiliiy in Asia &d to plesdc as much of rh. cgion 6
po$ible for panicipatioo in wold cdpj&lisn &d btoc&Dg oy @mnus
irllEne- Ir 6 fclt {1ar ihc d€fed of Japd! in rhe ll|md of l94j c@t d a
va.um. $iich €@unscd lhe s?...d of @munim in Els tuia dd
subsquenl milii.ry m!flicls lpoNEd by rhe U.S. a0 nrftfoG, th€ U.S,
ntlasts foud ir occeery to ptlsdc rapoee caliratin, wnic! eb6.qu..{y
r.qun€d & Asi.l p€riphery, pdtu y kepr uda Amcri6 poliiical pDh.tion,
'' Bar-c'rr\ 'n
.H.g.mmir
Tmrid n Lrr 4r, A H,tuiot po{aa,E, r nqhen citl
qilERiry Ptu, leerr, p. :01
251

ui later taten ovd by Japan.s. c.pital, 'r A@odingly, Jape$e coE @pilal
dtl indulrt wa rived for the @nrtrudion of Jsp6n 4 r\. fteion l
wrklbp of Asia" Ir $rs ey ro .lo so bcqe .Japd *s n q
unnddavelop.d, preiely bMue it ws nder 4onomicatly or poliijcally
@lonidiad',d In addilion, rh€ U.S. ssh.d rh€ Bpotuibility ofmetidg rbc
suuy requircn4rs of Japm, It M esofially consideEd lor lrc pu!os.;
f6ily, b el|amtcc Fliliclt @flror .nd s@nd ro @ nitir.r, ,id for
sfegurdiog the sb:ategic ini.r€srs of the U.S. policy nakeB. nris penod
wioEsed Jrtan\ delend€nc. on l[. U.S, rEtcG .d r€lDoto$/ fd rlE
p'od@tion of ik expolts dd 'upgddine. rhes 8oo& wiih infusions of
adv!tu€d te.hrolo$,. { Itu qpir.tia ctil..s i! Soulh KoEj. Taiwe &d Slurh
Vi.inm ree pan of rhe posr.Wr .guid€d capilalism,, ed ns ne-meIwrilist
sia&stnal .lliae. IlEEfoE, they wrc @mitt:d 1o (he Ie world, dcspii!
of rh.ir tulid.mocrlric ch&acl{. As noLd klier, rhis model of luthoft..ie
devclopmdr w nor EFaicd h odd,lsjoB of{E wdl4 inctuding rltir
Aodio, whjch did nor enjoy rhe s@ st a&gic posirion in Andis pok
' Bre Cmhg! r9e0 Anb6to&/, Deoq En+!@. l@d m Bdi+ Ardi6
H.sdoy l4{X}rc50, DMdoM'y6i| dn{ D H,'lfulsGds.r.Jopu 6th. trod4
r|JlIlM: le uflG'ry PB+ r990I 8.79.I 14.
",Rdr|d M(Glorh.n. CnrdlDs d?
.rw w Notu & comPony, reer. ee.r0r-92
" andr chH ftuL Th. undc'detopftnr of D*dopftnr. an Atubirylph,4t Es)
,.
q
re E H.a r,Dvrh 66 sll.4. /|rdrr E€Dmtr potry in H,tuor p.Rpdk.. in
@$Dadd kd.). P4^a ,,r,, d lrd@. rE tut.) uii(B,D or Ltifon,;pB,
258

The eladve suc€ss ofEdr Asia wN bsed o. a conpl€x inLNcaving
ofveiabls such a wild hjslonc€l ald e@political fa.io6, r€opont flcros
like b@hing wdld ira& in th. 19503 .nd 1960s, thc rcl€ of int mation l
mrponiion tud inslitution& p€fiial&ly lh.lMF, the u.s, nili|!ry ed ditilary
fiDding aFcially duing th. Kol@ ud Vi.r,Dm v6, rhc blc of elariw sr.&
auto@my md etre.tiv. st r€ inlwdtion in $e €@.omy, ed spiltovs eftccrs
swh d ih. irs-bord€r .xpesion ofthe Japd€F sub.ooilsciing sysl€h.
HcE, ou o@m is b dra* plrall.ts b.t$cn S.utb E$t tuid
tlelelopmdt mod€l ed Paki$mi developmenl model, Likc Sourh E4r Asia
@utn.r Patislar w$ al$ lo@ted on $e .front tirc' of posl-S@nd Wdld
wa glob.l poliri6, adjear ro rle Comsjst Asja. B€ing tbe ndb.r of
SEATO dd CENTO, Pskish m rhe k.y pdtnd in U.S. srraresic desigs in
ft w aeenst @muism. TheE alpqr.d mdy sinilsririG belw@ p.kisL4
South Kor€ &d Tdwd In ,ll th€$ 0rcc .es, dE rolc of rhe sratc in .Elting
clds dd capilal goups bc@m€s very appd€rt. Thc bn m .flctiv.ly
*iped out in aI lne @utri.s, l1E iale Dilirary eliq supported by rhc U.S.,
M lI. domiMr do6.sric ador in Sourh Korca aier the @cuparion by de
U,S. ed in Tdw an ! rhc KMT fled tlE€ fotlowing rhc Chin e Rcvoludon
in 1949 and in Palisna an r rhe Rlqdpindi consli@y ce i! r9Jt. In &sr
Asia, KoG! md Tai]m both re@iv€d bigh l€veh ofU.S. aid ed benefired laref
&oD lhe ablitdilg of l.prn 6 1h€ rcgio.al wrkshop of Easr Asia a pl@s
b€lFd imm.Mly bo$ by rh. KoE& ed rhd rh€ Vi.|nm \vd ard by
Japd€s FDI. trade, lechnology ttusfer and the rm-bod{ qp&sion of
259

Japms sub@nll4ting fims, !5 Like East Asia, Palisbn also eceiv€d @sive
U,S. aid in lhe 1950s Dd l96os. In spik of rhe fmt thal P.kishn ws tmed inlo
a cu.nl statc' of U.S., n did not exFri.re rhe .nitul. in irs @nomic
Frfomece. Expla,utioo ior lhis diverS.nce in d€velop@t c& b€ found by
cohp&ing th€ 4ononic srareei.s followcd in lhse coutri6. If w &te
.mplc of fou TiAd'or'DagoG in Ed Asia rtm..xpon I.d govrh hA
bcn.frici6r-.., n is.le Od*s b lh. Fior ia(lle in rh. equiry of t.
dhtiibldon of incone dd lhe domestc nrkel. Thee imptuven.nls wft due
lo thc ldd refom forcibly iDposd rhe@ [in Taiw. South Ko@ ed Jap&j
by th. Unircd Stal6 afi.r rh. e . { nlc is a need !o ,rrt. a@ur of rh*
€x€ptional polilical ed srrtegic I&loE. tr is argued llut rh6c f&bn .hat
il6e NIC m@ of a unique expeno@ $m a copy-lble mod.l dd ,then hardly
.quil!u. polirical EprBsio! ceo1 b. t@m€d€d a a modet. a7 U.litc,
South Ko@ ard Taiyb, rhc aulhdi&i.r clie in palisr.d only N.d he. pow€r
io pltluc the goals of mililary srength ai ih. cosi ofoatioMl €conomic w€allh.
No led afms w@ cdicd out in p.tisnn ed larded .titc in alliee with
civil ed m'lir.ry buEauctuy doninard rhc n,tionrt poticics Esndng in
w.qual dist ibutioo of rcsowe' Wlile, in Sourh KoEa dd T6iw&, b.@ue of
ihd 3euit, dft from Chjm ad Nonh Korca land Ftoms *rc c@es our
.ffetircly d€stoyirg rh. poE oflhe lodtord clN
" Giovdni arishi, s. llcd!, md A. rNin, fic Ri!. ofEdAsia..on! Mn!.h orMdv?, ir
RI' {^ 'tu
Pard kd ,, Pal../r,r' d I ttp }
"tr4
oJ ttu ||aad F. oa6y \\\ eitpnn.
GHvood PE$, 1992), rp.4 t,66.
_ A'dEGund Fm! ft. Ud.'d.Et p,n.nr of D.vdortrdr tu Aebiognphiol r$y., a.
260

Funhmo€, i[. hphais on cdkaliod stoi phycd tbe key ol. in
@tunic deelopmml ol E$l Asid .oDEics. .Of dt fi. ltcm.rns rtur cEt d
ilE E6t Asie mir&le, basic €ducador for.ll and Eleval t4hnical skills EE
by f& thc nosl inponoi f!cro6. R*dt world Bot sludi.s have eslinaicd rhd
ova 7t p.r c.d of dB rat wal.h oa Eln Asie out ica is ficn hme dd
sociol capiial'. 43 olr thc condnry. rhe edu.adon slot was nol given $e du€
Fdity in Palistrn onrribuling in gDBlt of Mkilt.4 uraincd &d
uEdeal.d lmpo@r. In .ddilio., agi.ultua s€ctor w ignor.d itr plllll|ae
oI stablhbins irdustrial bde. which in tum ba.kfired b@aus of nonamilability
or tzined dd skilled t.toi Ts najor ets of E$um; popualon
and l.tor, dd ldd dd @rr plsy e imFndr rotc in th€ eorcmic
dev€lopnenl ofey counry. Populalion ed labor force, how.
only in a lDEndal qy,lhcn udtizdoD dd etrativms d.F.d on rlE
auihlilily of onpLmcnnry inputs s well a suilabt. tcchnolo$/ ed
orSeiaiioi'. '" t w invdtn€ in edu.aiiob &d agriculiu€ rc$rltqj in a vcry
low lcrcl of lit@y Mp€ni.d by high f.fiility 6rc &d high tcwt of
u.nploFdt in Pak&e.
PaList$ no1 o.1y &iled b tmlgc th€ {olonjes of $al. expdieic.d
by South KoM ed Tai*.I thal 6. ilm &riry in a wid. @nomic sD@c &d
thc imovations induced by compelitions, bur also the adr6nrag6 ofprorcction
md el*tirc indBrrial pronodon. Alrhough, prlistan opted b ri.te the w.ve of
' Iltahlo.b ur H'q Dd Ki.d'j! Hr{. Irwfl D^.toped n sout a!.. toes. w lt ., tl
- s. M ren. uhn tda.topn.^t, p\en Md t^i4tdt' h p.rsh4, oe. !1.,e u
261

trdsnalioMlizing capiblisn, bu1 unlikc South KoEa dd Taiqan, @ uable 10
impo* at lhe suc rinc shong onirols ovq lsuru .U@!rion withi. ih.
nalion l !flitory for @Ntaining ihc @nnoll6 of calird ro openre wirhin e
uco$tt imd logi€ of global prcfil @imiation. TIF lact oI eme butr R
bet@n the iolemtio.sl e@nomy ed $e naliohal @onomy not only rcsuhed in
slow pae ot idegbdng ed eafoming th. prod@don srrurE, bln ale
failcd b pnrel Foplc fiom lh. dimpfiod of market votitility, s,iicn in tun
h€lp.d to generab thc hdsh eci6l and pohical i$tabilty thal rnds to
ch{*tcrire sictics shlggli4 for nadodl inleeBtion wiiiour ! hifi.d culiw
dd oeted qnh Egion l incqu,lili6_ Parjsrd .oMutar.d & mlmNty
ldge fftign debt withour hiving develoFd rhe $cic4ononic iifizsrtEtE
n4sdy 10 suslai! a IroFll! pr@6s . ro
2. A Neocolonial Capitatist Mod€land Pakistan
Using th€ d€p.ndency ln@ry, a ne-alonial capirrlilr mod€l6at 6
b€ temed 6 a dep.ndency model baed on the following deilnilion of
d.pcndcncy @.xplain bd.rd.velopdcDi in the Third World @uhis dd @
b. lpplicd lo Patistrnl firsl dec.d€ of d.lctop|Ml rh4l FBisr€

In $n model5?. ach of the mdy ldnds of .xch6ee inctuding t a

(4) Food De!€nd€@: Food dcFtrd€tr@ is hig! *t n the patrD.nr
lor food impons lo mat niridm caloric arandlrds dedv!!
tom rhe cxpon ofagdcultu"t @sh mpr fidnq s$ftijs 160
u* away noh subshr€@ crops.
(5)
Dlh Dep.rd4e D.bt d.FndeM *itl b. bigh whs ir ond
to @nlin@ debl edie palm.nis on pst lom, nd
intm.lional t@s e EquirEd bc.!N ot rhe ill{l*mg
int rcs1 ral€s md app@iation of the dolld.
(6) Sftdiry D.Fndde: Seuiry d€p.ndence h high wh€i
cshblish ldg. miliirry .sbblishm.nis, ditir.ry ssisls,e
Tbis mo.lcl f@B* on hod. of pbduclio., pstre@ of ir,l€rMlionsl
tratL, poliric.l ed eonomic liDtlgq b.rred elir6 in Fdphdt dd cmrEl
ou'l6, dd group ed clds dlial6. This nodet giv6 folloeing dplo@tio,
lbr th€ failE of detopmot.
'D.veloF[at' is .lt s dultimrionat qpir.tin $hene !o mlaw &.
eorld, saddling l@y lrid Wodd coulii.s with int€darioiit d.bG
dippling conomic Sros1h o@npdied by the .bFdoM, app@h
propo*d by heharional aid rnd advie givjrg .8cncid. This
qpraunon quesriou thc Mprion tb,t dp.rls, @lablc .@rcnbr!,
@ diaer$. FobtcE3 &d d€vie pb,s for gov.lr@lns to imptmdr
!o mprcve p@plet tiv6.
264

TIE fftt dc..d. of P.tisrsnt hisrory ir rh€ b.gimine of [q ps6ce
of a &o-colodst c.pitllin nodel- ba*d on clpirni$ exploitation ,a cycl. of
develophmlal dep.nd.ncy. I! d dvircMc of .@nlaim.nf. rh€ altid@ of
blll@c6cy, any ed f€udd .lite BB .bh 10 entralize lhe authodry in rhek
htuds by mFstirg with rh. foE6 of capiratist world sysrem und.r th€
heg@ony ofU.S. 'Soon anr indep€n&ne ihe rute8 ofpalisr.n b.gm io yictd
lo all t?$ of indrcdflrs to drer inro o@lonial tunonjc and bilirary
dlie@s in or.la to p@we 0E int rDl sysr.ms of privilege dd F*er, and dle
€neEal @nFol of rhc cn ap labo. &d dw maLrial ofine @uhy'. 5r Th. fiBl
dead€ is ch@r.riz.d wid! the isttuliotul iDb.lec€ rhal in the fonowinS
y6 shin.d in favor of @n-dcho@ric iNlitulioB t eping thc Epcscnradv.
iatitulioB ar their dooEleps_ This B icd in @nenratid of .dhdiry in noF
r€pEenra$v€ istitutions dd pm@ce of ftonodic poftid in line wirh ilE
noqlonid calitalisiic mo

Duing $e fi6t tivc. yed pld (1955{0), Palistar Feiv€d ovd US$ I
billion in foEigr dsislace thll me io US$ 3 billion in ihc k@nd fivr-yee pl&
0960{5). tr Prri$n gEw i@ingty d.Fd€ on th. U.S. lid ard *6
consequently draM inlo a d4Endency Elstjo.ship with rh. Unired Srdes md ihe
pincip6l Ep@ntaliv* ofilcmalidiliz€d capilal i! ih. mdd roday, ll!. Vdld
Barl &d th€ IMF . The firn inlcmation t cFdit ag@.nt ws sigrcd bct*@n
Pqkislan ard ihe United States on 25 Mat 1948, wh€n the Minisry of Finmce
uept d a ll0 million 106.. The cEdit 6 povi.ted lndq the u.s. wlr Asrs
Admidsiation for puchlsing $ors dd equipn€nr fon irs sutptu*s. The
Fim@ Mini$r on his way to Vashinglor in Jlty 1950, Mouc€d rhlt .duing
,,.[tis] sty in Unir.d Slal6 h. wuid eri.inly Lt dlc opPorruily ofn..dng
Die.tors of ihe Lr@tional Mon€t2ry tud, mdy of shon ...twrcl ve,r
Fsonal Ai.ndr',']! Otr ll July 1950, rhc Unjled Sratca apFov€d a m oft
600,000 for t chnicsl Nisrace b Palislrn und.r pcsi.tcnr Tlms s poinr Fou
Progrd. Along wilh thh rchnical $sisunc.. g@rs dd crcdic we& or.Gd by
ndy odq U.S.5F@Ed finociat lg.ncis inctDdin8 a J t.6 mjlion Ford
Foudation granr od a g 50- nitlion l@ fom the wo,ld Bek in 195t.5? .tn
ordd 10 b!@gc rb# iFd.. aid &d niliLry Flolioships, lh. U.S. Covc@enr
rd Fiwl. foundltiou st+p.d W rte r"inirg ofpatd$a adminisrdors, $cial
sci€nlists dd Diliiary offi@s, The Ford Foudation piclurd ils nle in l95l 6
'@ating &d nMsrhmi.g insiiiuiiom n .d.d ro rnin nbpow .nd dcvclop rhe
'.:^!:!':,". E:-.!r \!4e ,!---s ,r mm. Dnrnn. cov.nn.d or p,L\q rlhmbd
. 7?. Sdtruc|| Anm\I(
266

knowledg. sd apprc&h.s rcquiEd fof @nomic attd sial pro8Bs.. s T!bt.7
giv* a picrrE of bd&e of tnd. md foEigr *kaie in rle 1950s (1947{_
1959{0) dd rh€ 1960s.
T.Db 7: E{Drt, Ibport , rd FoidSn
.d{'a.!e h txt} rld 1960r
(Yely wq!s6, US $ hiuiotr)
Sdm rc&rro s.e,;ii'6-iFT F'Ep Divtria
r ,ebr4
cM;Aiofl6
t973. T.bt.9, p It7rdllbk2s.d.
TIE 'aolMic d si.t Fog6!' i, liE eirt ihs n oqroni.t nodel
'))fur s iic@sld d.Fnd€@ 6 Oe U.S. tcchnicrl, nitit ry &d oModity
!id. I! a glvituEor of wat poliricd csthft, blBkr!!, ed g66.t3 DtE
hon ut rrn d b buildiry . ddc$e glrbtirlred r.rh.. tb.! inE*ing in si.l
scc16. Hory indBri$ ti.Ld eith Ditirary nad! h!.1 b@n rtr. priorny of
0F 6ud g0r.@6r rceleritrg th. agicdr!,I srd rld th. hct of *ilt of
lll. @td 8ovm.fi ro iDptmd dy tand @foms Thc piogr.$ivc or teft
Ei.d.d dm s i! ilE MBtiin La$E (tt tutir8 Frty) evdiDg tad cfoc
$d *nlinoa 6t mt"4mi v.ft foE€d io v!c!r. th.ir pctnoft io iavor of
'P.ho !d.Fd... Itdy ud pE* of pohiqt
267

@IB€mtiE l'!d.d da paniculady bclonsing b rhc PDjab. Th. vdy lisr
c6ud1y wa Mi& Iftikhanddin. the Minisl.r fd Rctugees dd Rehabilira$on in
lle W6t Puja! ebine! vho @ forc.d to cig! du. ro noFimptdcnr.do. of
ageie Efom including thc tenmcy Gfons and r€dislribution of l&d. whi.h
v@ io he p6u.d in lhe enlemr prcgm in Eln Irniah. Tle pmpos.ls
*E o. pan of th€ 1945 dd& pte of tc A[ tndia Muslim L.agE pl@ing
Co@itre ed l.r.r irclud.d in rte Mudin rsgE.s agtuie Ehm Epon
apFd.d in July 1949, stich ws nder altowed ro b€ inpt.ndted in W.n
Patisl$ by th€ pow.nlt t.dcd lobby.st Howvd, i. Easl Bosat, th. wial
landsF q6 difi.Mr stEc rh€ majoriiy of led lo!d! w Hi.du l,tro 0.d ro
Wesl Bef,gal in 1947. ile l!roining orcs \@ .*.*aEd by thc Ean B.ngd
Stale Acquisniotr ed Tod.y Acr of 1950. Under rhis act, all r.l-Eceiving
idcar b.t@n rhe cultivadng |.nrjr ad ihe sld€ *s aboljsh.d md ! eilirg of
3l &B B plac.d o individul owship of lmd,,& T!€ Bi B pNGd by
lb€ PDvi&ial Aebly in Febost t950, br,t its idplmdlljon M blet d
fd ov€r a yd by rlre conlt govtuenr m rhc .ssMptioi dllt n @ukt
joplrdia Paris&'s c[@3 of an a.dng forcigr inv.srrhor, 6' F@a Klq
N@n Fp|lgrilg 0E tadcd ctic of rh. lsger pbvir@ of Wes! paki$a4 fi.
Pujab u*d this argMe for thc rear of irs improcnrriion in th. pujdb dso.
'IlF land€d lobby in Wesr r&isrin od p.nicllely i! pujab ws tuIy spponcd
by ihe linecid '@ag6
of rh. new sr.tc who lr@ rdiBd in @loni,l aadirion
'" tu T.trBt- p"r'tu, , n"dqn Hbt@,q !\..o tz2.
_ Ki.r'd B. srye4 pdl/o , pcrlrd. ri" \e; ,d D*., q ch."B,,ol.,^..e L
268

of safeguddilg ihe inteesls of th. lmded clas. Arhibald Rowleds, th€ fi6t
Fineci.l Advi$r to th€ covment of Paidsta, re againsl thc abolition of
zo,lrdar, since thb nieh l€ad to ! Eduction in st te €venue.6: In d agtuid
si.tr. whff mionty of th€ Fopl. urc dcFDdet WoD agtuiar @non).
lhtu policy mimrcd tte shiftiq b.la@ of po6 *ittin l[c slate !pp.nns.
Aid.d by tlE U.S. mnic exFn . in 1951. ihc enral gov@nt lwH e
mbniou six-y@ dwelopmml plalr which *s supplemcnl€d by & €v.n n@
loud-mouih.d rwo-y6 pnonty pmgru! Thc six.ycd d€lelopn€nt pbgrd
pbpo$d aid implenenbd d6h ddelopidt of industry ihal Bulled in rapidly
ino.$.d indEFial odpul (th@{old in fou y.a!o b .gncuhs had lo suf€r.
F@d s"in ouFul

@id the eomnic sir@riordr Showirs $e distribution of lesoNes. ih.
@mtue highlight d Oat hetlM rh. pdiod l9t?,48 ed 1952-53. rb€ tdgc
ponion of th6 qt6l gov€mor's lotal EvmE ws sp.d oo d.fcN mgi.g
betweq 5l to7l pd cent of rhe totalcv.nuc, ne orhd DEjo!.xpddit& wa
th. sh@ ofde civil adninisrlt@. which @ from 16 pd.eDr lo 20 p€M of
lhc totdl I€ME dp.nttitus of rbe 6r.dj g@dmenl. ftG imb€taM b.ten
.xpcnditw on d.f.G. sd.ivil adninisrariv€ srwftEs ard ddctopm.nl w6
lhc nain csNe of.@nonic diffcultis frced by rhe mjoity of pakist ni Fople.
'Il)e cport l@modcd thd to &hiac a @re1 b61de, niniDM *padifiE
d def.@ @cisrdt with suiry .nd dE MnnM dFndir4 d
d.rclopMt @dkidt wirh Eeuet qs esenrial, It w6 €nphsiant ihir
'ddelopnat alone lcould] susl,in ihe erpcndilue on defe.s€'. peposins a cui
in ihe qpsdirw on lne civil dmiliseldoa it w ob6@cd rlEr
.no
oq4iatior louldl afiod to sped such a l.r8e Fopolrion of ns in@ne on
ldninistation...at a $me when in@me t{asl declining,.a nEse
'&mendatioN could noi be give. a sedou @Bid€6io. by rhe deisio!
rurirg .|nc ir rtc @wEy d a linc wn n patis|.n 6 beinS e.scd up to b.
indud€d h tllc d.fde .llid6 againsl lhe st@ding Mv€ of comuih. A
larSc nilitary dgbtishmcit @ the p@Equisitc ofth€s def€B. dllieH.
ffi'{':f
**'
"*"*
c*"a KGhi: FiMe Divilioi G.*'i or
210

A5 a con*quence of fie rcpon of rhe appdiel coDhirr€, in May 1953,
$e enLal gov.1mmr !|mmc.d ro abddo! rhc six-yd ple along with thc
two-y.d priority pnsm lawhcd wirh loud ch.6 of .pplaN dd dwh
publicig, Anotho eononic ple 'd nor Edhiic eonodi. d.velopnenl
pFglu fd thc dr fiv. y6 w6 to be oreivd by ln. lwly $llblished
Pldins Bodd ahled by a brisad. ofU.S. expeti dd advi*s rcrking ud.r
lhc mh{.lla of Tehnicd A$isr..e Ptugm. Duing thc ye 1953-54, rh@
Ire moF thd 100 U.S..xFtls ed advis in Pakjsl!4 *ho P@ in conEol of
the finadcial e.choism, Pa*islln\ emnohy w6 d.d Mth $e U.S. aid dd the
@mmic lolico d6irn d by th.se qFr$ &d advis.E. Aid s b.i.g u*d to
'€xeis a najor influ.ie oi ...[Parisllnt] liMcial developnent'."' By
sftnllhcning public ldministltioi md dcfde *fliq of Pltislr', tlE U.S.
Gotfu.nr wa h.lpirS ro bltrss polilicd &d *oNmic sr.clilrty dsrg thc
im.diaie pdiod of cd*s- The Unitcd Srd.s ws aimils to '.ssM.
EloBibiliy fq th. succ6snn adFDisllrioll, dlcnd nrei.8 and l@briq!
etr@tiv€nes of sm€ 3540 ptr @nr of Pakbrsn's lold ttewlopmot pFEm', 61
In DeDbd 1953, Govment of Palislan sis!.d m sgrdcnr wnh
lhe Fod Fourdalion to e.d e intcmtional te,n of expqa for aidi.C lbe
- Aturio EnbBy b n D.p:tu of sac. ll Augsr 1951, NDD,342909, Bd 5542,
211

PlMing Bodd pEpes the lid nvey.d pld.6r Under ihb agren.n! th€
H.R.rd Advi$ry ctulp llaltcd mrting on dE pEp&&,lion of tle firsr fi!+yd
pl& ir AFil 1954, which wa mde public in May 1956, cvisd in April 1957
ad findizd in M.y 1958. KnoM 6 the mdieslroke ofcconomic plming,
David Bell, ! k y adviF. of $c HAG Eveal€d thlr it *6 b6ed on 'b6:r
gu.$es, idle sp€culation and {ishfin thinking a tadendk of €pit lis."
ICnodrg dc Fal prcblm of 'l@
lovcny, 'tlE pnesllmd of dw.lopmot
plm.rs w€re nor coftm.d with eomoelric mod€ls' and ls *i1h
'econonic policy fomulatior or &@r prcjccl apprdsd'.to P.ople ofPakislan
had to pay a h6vy pri@ for tbeir .ligmdr with th. erld dd ils
'Elklodd
M.onic nod€I. Slo*ly @d gr.dually th. mjor politrcd pany, lh. MElio
Leguc staied loGing iis crip over si!|. polic'.s Ed b€.de hostlge b
coMative fo@s of n o{olonialkm.
Despit the *vcrc shoflagc in fdd.eraim s a rcaull of th. six-yed
dewlopnert Fogtm lawb€d in l95l a.d abddoncd in 1951, polici6 drd Nt
chege in tavor ofag'icultur duinS th€ FiEt FiveYed Pld prcpaGd wilh su€h
athui@. Th. draft ple of de fiEt ficy6 pbFs.d lad .tfolm including
eilings of 150 acr€s, 300 &6 dd 450 er.s Esp@tiwly for iri8A':d, mi.
iri8atcd ed .on.irigatcd ldds, it, how€vd, left ils final appreval subj.cl to
nmhr srudy. ?r b this pl6 paiod rbe food-gain outpul ircBls€d ar d Mud
I Sc Cars. Rcn, rd" E Mr6 dz E$tm Sridia: ,198 dchase b Soat ,li4
trJrlr 970 (o:ford Orfo.d U i ivdit P!.$, l93t
tr
M$6Db ui Hq, t . PMr cdaia cr@i.a lq r^. nud ,utd, or .n.. n. tl tt.
1'
*a Pntu, Rcpn ol h tand R.li*h .N^tnu n * cffinh Prshsrl*
1959) 9 21
2i2

aveEa. dl€ of 0.1 pe c.ni whq lhe popuLtion in@d by 1.5 pd ccnt. Thc
tuu,! food-erain inpoi5 duine th. s@nd hrlf of rhc t95os amg€d dbour
&0,000 tom. To l)jd8. sc@ f@d supplies, th€ govemdr had to inbduc.
'rtioning' a.d conpulsory plr)l:l)m€nr'.t, Tbis cmputery pt@m B
al b.low aket pnas ih.t prcduced ! 3rrclg disindliv. Einforcing qisdng
@neLainF ofa feu.lal l.rd i.nu€ sys!.n. usatisf&bry dedil f&ilities. sd poor
aEihbilny of inlDrl&l .gricdo8l inputs, iDdequre irigaion suppti6, ed
non-mrnddve r.chnoloSy. Thee f@ts w€ Efleted in thc fouln five-yd
plm ltEt slaied ill!.re M a considnible tresfer of savings froE the dgri.ultw
to ih. industtial s..tor,.,$ r.m of lr.de I@ delibcFrcly $h.d lgailst
agdcultus thrcugh s@h policid 6 li@tuing of scaM foEign qchmee elmd
pri@ily by agricdl@ 10 the induslrial stor, .onpulery Cov.mm.ni
p@llllmnl of fod-gniN at low Fies to ebsidie rhc @sl of living in llE
citi6, indui.ial in@tvcs for com@id agricultMt inv6menf.'r 11 Ns
righdy obs€rved tha! dr€ five-y@ developrnent pl@ l€ndcd ro ignoE poblcms
of wmployncd, flnnl povcny, u66n l!G! sd p@r si.l eryiG si@ rh.E
m e liil. q@tihlive infomatiotr avail.bl. i! ihce d6 .z
Equippd with tl€ theontical conc.pr of th€ qpit list ddv€lopnent 08.
advis of HAG bn rh. has of P*.i$an 'noF &ur€ly !9@ of rhc
inidcq@id of rhc wlrds of gre*1! od of ilE sialy di!rupriE natus of ihc
" n FNth Fiw-yeo FIe: ,r/e7J 0sLmrrd: Pbfins connrsDn,
t\id.Ih! Fouh FN.r.t Ptaa lo.n
" Lt\td.bd Ptjtr'nsconn,smj
271

eotir. p@ss of d€vclophcnf.tJ 'n€ irr.*oven Elalionship of lod.d clss.
@y, civil bl@ucr&y dd indigcnou bowCeoi3ie in rh. qpitalistic wrld
@mny.nforc€d lh. n@lonial sraF to &quiE & aulhorit rie cbu&rer.ln
0ris dihotudrid cullE thft ws litd€ r@n for de6oc6t1c fo@s to oFate.
Unfonomtely, ihe polili.al insiituliotu wrc nol sirong oough to sh€d away de
@loni.l p.e.rd we nad. wln@ble lo 1he contol of ih. bu@uolic €liL
tlined ir a @lonial .dDinisFatiE tldition of eto.Ey, qlich pFf.dld l,o 6i..
inlo all typ6 of n@-@loni.l €@nomic .nd nilinty alliares, ed opLd ror e
€cotunic nodcl, which @uld not aliena& rho* grcups in sciely $lDse supporl
w vital for lh. smooth frr(om8 of$e nco-@lonial slat .
This d.vclopmnt nod.l I nor what Jinnal ihou8hl *6 suihbl€ for
Pali.{!n. ttc madc it v.ry .xplicil lbn Patisutr sbould be a pogr*iv.
d€noctuy ba5.d on ilE @Mpls of ttofien@4 frElenitv and .quliilv,
Amouncing tlle econonic policies of Pald!|!4 Jimah in his imugual spech al
rh. op.Ding of Siale Bmk in K.@hi stated;
The @Nmic system of llc wer hs cHlcd alnosl insoluble problm
for hulmi9. dd lo ddy of u n apFds ihat only a mincle cd sav. i!
fron th. dist* that is now f&ing 0r wo d, Ii bs fail€d to do lh. juslicc
be$en me md l@ hd lo.Edi€dc ftrdion fion $e int hadoMlt.ld.
On lh€ conady. il es la€ely Espotuible fo. the l*o qotld wds in thc
hst hdf.@iuty. TIF W6t.n mrl4 in slitc of iB ad@it86, of
m@hmialion .nd induoial efiicidcy, n bday in a wde nss lhe €v.r
b.f@ in hjslory. Ite adoptio! ofw.stdn @nohi. th@ry erd petie
will nor help s in &tn€vilg ou soal of cranine a b4py dd @n&.Ld
Fopl.. We dust wort ou d.siiny in ou on wv, dd prffini to thc
mdd e @rcnic sysicm ts!.d on lh. rrw klmic @rept of €qulitv or
m!'tind md 6@ial jlsiice. "
i 3,*-11,* *,*.,,.*," cr.@ orpoti"q o,..n. tu.211-t3.
214

,iu@['s rcjdion of rhe w6rem @n@ic mod.l ad hi5 .nphasis on th.
@..ept oi€quality of manlind od social juslice on the ocasio! of th€ op€ni.8
c@nony of the Ssre Ba* of Prtblm w6 the rsLr.n.nl of his fsirh in
cE{inB a ftw slale for dE MBlims of Indi! for $.ir @rcnic dd sid
beilm.ni dd his ssue@ for all f.ddaling unils of Prlist n of lhet equal
panj.jFtion in lhc Slacrs rcsows in ecodae with th. p.inciple of eqony,
lib.ny !!d sial justie. tulir, in his imwlral .ddGs to llc Co6tiruor
Asnbly of Pakisiar, Jimah had delarcd, 'lf E lm1 10 mal. thh gre.l slale of
Palbtan happy ad presFros w€ should wholly ed slely conentral€ on rh€
wll b.ing of dE p€ople, ud *peially ofd. nl.s dd lhe poor'. tt
3. Center vs. Provinces- L,n€quel Distribution of Resources
and unequal development
Thc n€c@lonial capilalist md.l p6ucd by the dly poli€y Dnt6 of
Paldst ., posed *nou chrllmSd for .qul dbiribudon of sr.rc'! Etu dd
€sbblhhing @ equal rconomic i.filsttucnrc for wery fed.nliig ui1 of th.
oulry. As eelid di$!se4 th. @ntinution of the @lori.l legacy of .
'Seuiry Si.&' tu rhe @nt€xt of Cold Wd cnforc€d th. onddllim of
auilority inlo tu auia@ of bl@uc@y, any and f.udal clss qhich ws
wo*ing in clo* @llaboBtion wilh |h€ forc.s ofn€kolo.ialish. Iris alio@,
qnich m non-EpE*nadvc dd authoritde in ch@ra, ws itr ortrol of tnc
sialet rcsw6 ad thcir distriburio. rpr.*niing the inr€r.sts of lhe W.st
Paktut n only. fte thG panneF of thjs.lli&c., the bl@rc@y, the my dd
lbe fsdal dN bad lhch bts in Wd Pltiste ud Fnicuhny only in on.
275

prcvince, lhe Pujab. 'nE Amy Hesdquan€r w6 in Rawalpindi. Th. Civil
Scpi@ Acadeny e$ablished in 1949 foi th. iraining of.ivil blMuctuy, was ir
Lahore. Ile Adrninisirdive sraf collcg. .siablish.d in 1957 with r.\e h€lp of
An€ri@ aistale B agdn loalcd in L6hoE. Th€ fi6l National bnin& of
Plblic Adminisrrarion w.srablish.d io D&€ in !%t, ehd rm simite
istitui.s qft als d.ablishcd in Karuhi ed bnorc. E€lr Bdgal lack d
ctrcctive rtltgt rion in thc n4 sllL .pp.,atus . tr As late 6 t956, no omer
abov. th. nnk ofjoini ecElary in thc crral ecreiaiiar M jiom Esl Palisro.
Oui ofthe ?41 topjobs in th€ fedenl govchnent,93 pd enr we h.ld by West
Palisklh *ith dr Pujabis dd Udu{peaking nigtuk claiminS th€ plums. D
Ou f@6 is o. th€ uden pattlm of d.velopmdr &d mequal
diritibudoi ofl*ltc b.tw€6 Elsr dd W€sr Pakistln. Ilis my cloud rhe Ell
isG ofdisribution b€t@n all Fovin@r ol Palislrn on th. basis of equiry, bu!
lhis i"dc@* of dd'sis is Nfli.l b@w of ihc anificial diry !d
hhog.rcity of inte€sts afmsd by thc ruling clii. in \v€st Palisr2! in irs
baryainine posilion agai.sl E351 Patind, 'ItE qesiion ofpdity m disd by rhe
p63re gDup cerd in .!d oubide thc Comrii@.r AsMbly a rhe bsis of
ey otutirutionrl fomula 10 fight rlE hajority stalus of East Pakisran. The
fomalion ol On€ UDit tu 1955 inpos.d th. dificial uny dd honoga.ity of
i a6t b€hlcn the prcvi@s of \vcat Palis|'n. As di$us€d €dliq, rhe facl
1h4 Ean Patjslaa had rbe mjony of popularion a.d thu had lhe dghr to sovd
irH$]ffiil;ifl *#'4'?"'ldc,(L$oE: PmsEsiE.,e3ei.pz3 276

s troi @ptable io dr Pujab. If Puj.b @uld 6i$ dE Fiiciple
of pefty in
thc Codnuent Asmbly, th€n, the qu€slio. dis6 wby th€ FincipL of pdity in
@mmic dcvelopMl @ e thMtding. h apFaEd obvioN thlt rhe n4 scr.
st.n€d its *orking wirh a bia$d .nitude rh.t w inlFrcnl in irr c@tion .nd its
D€spile the mjodiy of P.rierni lDpulalion hoed in Esn Patbrd! ilE
C.nral Golcme w6 $aled in Kd&hi, It ws nor jul d hsue of
g.ognphical loc.lion of O. 6|ral goremd! lh. dblane b.twd dE 6td
golcmenl and lh. caslem pDline of the couniry wa aho electiv. in
allclli@ ot rcelres !d srarc's @@mic polici6- Aam@ing lhe indusrrial
policy of thc rcw st!t., Roqlands del@d 'whai 0t ir sr.t !4d.d w d
itrdusilial be built eud @notr' jul. dd hide6, nor seial weltu eh.n6
r€quiti!8 tdge opil4l ourla)ts'.lo Thc tl!d. ald i"dlstnal policA inlodued by
Rowlands, which w@ v.ry faithtully folloqld by nnane m€n affd hin, udd
rh. ldvie of tl{G, gd@ted &cMuLtion of pofil in fcw hedr pnholing d
indiSdou bougcoisie. B€tween Seprenb.r 1949 md Jme 1950 aloDe, M.A.
IsphrtrDi '{|€ brgEsr ju|! dal.l encd rlF prcft dour.d ro RS. 20 miUio..
M.A. Isphrlei @ rh. d.nbq ot rbc Jut Bosr4 *hi.h wd $Lblbhed by lh.
entd govcmc tosuppodrh. grcw6'pri@s.!r listcldof povidingEli.f io
smdljub nad6, rhe jur€ bold b.tu d exploitatioa tool, b.fttuirg ldge
t!d. deal.s like M.A. hphrndi, who whil. sinins in K@chi wc @ntolline
! slhm,ry of archibald RN|Idt rcpd e 6. gov.mm.d of Prtjsbi, Do/152716, Ixa:
't
Aydnr ldrJ.Th2 stde al otiolRl.,op.ciL,p.l0J.
2t7

jute tnde of Ear Bctrg.l. 'fte boa.d w..! urd€' rh. supryirion of chdm
Fasq-lhe non-B€ngali sEiary of iidu3lry, who lat€. bc{rft rhc chaiM of
P.l&ta. lndBfid Dcv.lopMr coDo€ti@ dd sM meed s a njor
indaiririisl in ihe @u$y by nisBing hs high omc6. tl. EFlFd.d the.ls
of qiof civil dd nilit ry blMucEt of W.sr Pa&istar who
13@n
luned oul ro
b. oq|6 of som of lh leg.s bBtujs ardpris i! 0F cMEy.. Vith
.b!om. b@r.dc co lolsa @l@irl Flcrie, tt d.lcloFmd of bdurid
crDit lin fsvo@d only big businBmcn .g6insr th€ rnall dd @lted in
cmno. @n@tr.rion of wdth. A high ar. of gmM! M thc rui! @mbic
obj€ctirc, wilt r c.rdid disEgdd fo. difihnional quc.rioB. The q6too of
dilp€iity *a oi$d mainly in the @nrxt of th. Egio.d dislribudon.
Table 5 shows th. budedary all@atioB betw€d rhc c.ord ed rh.
ptoviB sib in lN. 6t9 fE-y€d ptd.
T.bL E: Elda.ary Alldai@ b.ard ti. Cdte. dd O. Pdi!6
ir t[. Flnt FlveYqr Pltu.
C.&(iEftdiis
Ki&ti)
2nr
Sov@: 1L Fid Fte. r* PtM (19trd0), oui ll* ofrh. plm (din) Keehi, M,y
27E

h lddition !o tbi! dl@rion of rseca, rlE dphsis B .g.i! d dE
idutti.l &rcloFtunr to b. pl@r.d h W.s P.ttt r igMiry mE rh!! E0 F
€n ofthc polulatio rlDr *r! &Fndd otr.griculr$ ud tiving in nlrB,
It e.5 dw dclpir. dc hcr thar b€rwc.! I94F50 ud 195+5, rh. .glicuttunl
se|d me $lgmt, |6ding . dis.l r!.dgc $Nd grcerh Frc of | .1.
Vc hrlc eliq dies.d, th.l rh. rcglcr of Oc lgricu|ne sio. hrd
Gl||d i, ffi 3horugG of food-gr.iB, which ould Fublic rwd !d
dcooBflri@. Wc hrE .l$ cn how this 3itudion B aptoi&'(| !d Fbtic
urGd.griEr mn-ihpld.nbrioD of rabcy llw ed lDd Ffom B rlrEd
irto Eligiols.ioB !d viol.ncc.sliNr . nimrhy s.cr in puj.b h Meh 1953
Foviding ih. rdion lc io 'powr h!kd' 3i[iEs i, K.Eli .d n Mlpindio lo
dknBs thc B.ngrli P.iDc Minisllr n wj. Nezimdin rd frili!&d
P.tilbr's 6n&xc inro dcftr po.re Prlistrn's .nrc.ecM 5! ! .ctie6r' s||c of
U.S.A. ed i. rlsrB s dE 'buledrr' .g!iM Comuhn dqordcd I d.fds
dlbliltl|t@t wNch w! b.yood rhc scjrcc n.jru of lh Eqly{Er.d r!l..td
.t6dt d m31 of i!! foEign aclulSc on d fion mdt iB jur! aFd!,
A ladg catd adninilintd ed. dcfas .srjblirln|c l@ two
mjd ilqrir.tEnls io d.livcr i. rcod&rc aih rt .x!@tsrid of fta.
d.f@ paB. llris BpoBibiliy @uld ml bc ncr by dr. U.S. Bbrac onty.
P*&t . B o(p.ct4l 10 dl&gc il3 c@nic bce dd nhing dm60c
Fuc for hilir&r dpcndin!!. Amd6 ldvic w 6@ in foon of llAG.
'
nrmbnai w d* ArEry H{dqllG, *tE casrl Ay!b, dr c.i..c of hlitu . rny
279

'Ird a th. Plinsrt |!.9 for 5 l.!g. rlby of Ahqi6 @nmic dFts
q!.tin8 on findirs elutiN for ilrodBios d.EloFndr in Prris&. hdustd.l
d*loFn6l of w6l Pltht n ecs p.n !d plet of lhis lhinFDs. Thb tunt€!
.ggdtlt d tlE grid.|B of dF Fdc of E n B.nglt eto vw &Di.d tlEir dr
3bE of llF lrlrc ls!|w A5 ! r.sult of thc @trd Aotlmdr polici6, rh.E
I viflud no d.Eloplml in Erd Prli3r.n. A fo.r @rd.d vhitc srling rhc
objEtiv6 of th. 6lsl fvFyd pbn.ts TIEF qG nrc min objccdvG ofth. pbt
Fiod includiig 10 quictly in(as. rlE r.t ofdcrcloFnor in Esr P.lisua {td
othd la dcwlop.d Ggi@ in t||. @utry . s Howwr, thc pt& @utd mr nEl
Utu t!rg4 EfleLd itr l!. 1868. aDu.l go$rh dc of tlE sre do'mic
prcdn.l in Ern ruist n, shich wB ! re 0.2 F ent cmrs.d *irh 3.6 F
ent in w.!t lhl&lo 'Th. E!!r Pltbrar i.dsdidialion @6 r.rtly loot on
a Fi!.r! irv6trndt r. bd io co@n[ir. .lno$ eiclNivlty i. W6r
Prtistrn'.r' Thc w.y rhc inrd6| of Esr Prtdnd w giM rlE s.c!!d!!y
Fiori9 a ffidif.d in tlF policy rh't r.F 6. tup.c ov.dltu.d i! ordd io
loF tbc imporl bill of nilil.ry ictE. Threlgh this policy, sndl cxportas of
juG (0F rbrjor ssricultnl produce of Etn Pddrr4) telm rlE priBipl. aicritL
lvlE could .d t|m ttNlgb 6.irju& dpoi! d ! dn. *t n food *!s !.llins d
atwnicd Ficcs. h addition, rh. imlond ir E n P.Iisr.n wd ordy abtc ro
s.cn r 35 F @t of tbc ro|rl iEFrt licns iserd by rlr. ccnmt gos|rErt iD
It Fiod b.lw.cn | 95Gl !d 195?-E. As ! |!$lr, Eln PlEsru hrd to ouch.e.
ifrtflP Fidt Fb. r.o Ptq |etffi. q. cn
a
s.M,tls \ u,tMotdd, po'at.d h,qtdttt in p.tid',6p..it., c.29t.
240

@'lsmq illns fioD the mduhcnlm of Wcsl Patisrar, fl a prie 40 F 61
higher lbd fic vorld sek€i & .TtE d.t.r.noE €ft@rs of rlE pn-irdusirial
polici€s on sgriclnt@,..hi1 E{sl Patista. harda s ir. d.pddoe on re.i.ult@
m gr€aler dd s il consislcd lar!.ly of snall fm€s prcdwing cash c@ps wilh
low bdgaini.g pomr ytr a ,ir dr. inrcm.di&i6 ndy of Bhon were ensased ir
trugslins jule &b$ lhe bo.da'.3t Th. incquality in disrribulion of E$uc6
wd nor $€ @jor con@m of HAG for trc tundddnl,l l!e61 6rs1, Es1
lakisran did nor hav€ iLs she in buEucocy Md d.fense .shblishmo! son4
equjty an dbtribulion B ml lh.8o.l of$e.dvoca@s of nodemizaion rh@ry.
Voicirg ihe @rcm ovo ucquat di$iibution of rh. i2te reetes sd Wesr
Pslista! h.gmod', the B.ngal Mslim Llagoc s 6ty 6 De4nber t949
i.m,ni.d tull auomny in all nEtr.6 cxepr dcfce ed foGisi .ffai6 6 wll
6 inc@sal €ptuLtior in dE @nsrirutiord a!6.nbty. Ihe B.ngat MNIiD
tag@ .lso FDDoFd mrio!.liadon ofjuc indBry, wbich E Ej@Ld our of
hdd br ri. @Fal aovcmdt. nlb ddsnd w loon fotlosld by rhe fanou
lh6is of'tm @nonies , whi.h &gucd lhar Esr rd W€sl patisi.n slbuld b.
trEsted I olircly *paatc 4onohi€s, s
ir Ah.dc& cmsd& ro fie D.pm.d ot s@,
NND.'429O9. RG 59, Box 55sq 390D. t9r.29J t, t{A.
Dnpd.h No 45, rr D..mbs ro5r,
281

4. Neo-Colonial States and Economic Developmenl-
Comperative Analysis of underdevelopment in Pakistan and
lndia
'Ih. conc.pt of 'lib@ting lh. govcm€nts in €snomicdly b&Lwrd
@uniri€s 4d d!.n loe rha ro lalc p.rl in a omFtilive wld st cn h o.dd
io develop dononically M the ledn&l of ihc posl S@nd Wo.ld W& p€nod_
This id€a of 6ononic dev€lopn€d inposed a *l ofn* md sp6i.l cheges of
scirl dd ldiinhlralive conatizalion, in addition to qptoitive eorl .tisiplires,
siai nmoil, dd rcvolutioB in th€e si€ti.r. IrF* @ disiptircs Fov.d ro
be equ.ly *o6e th6 ttos forc€d by th. fom6 @lonial rul6, for nct oflh.
.ewly lib@t d @uFi€s of rhe nird World, becaw ndional lib.Erion M
equled wilh compeiitio. i. the capndfisr wodd econony.!' In lhis qpilalisl
w.ld @nony, the bdl@e of irade is dctfinined by the relalioNhip of a Mrion
sr!r. *ilh $. for* of dE wld @kds. 'I1E wodd mkcrs da.mire rhG
crpaciiy of a Etion*rate b @mp.t. b rhis calillti$ Mrld @tuhy sld dsid.
1ne sia of its cxpons dd inpotu. D.vclopncnt h6 ben natted by a sttuggle
betwn tBo opposing foMs: one that is comnmsMte with self-rclide
pr€di€led upon d id6log:/ of mtioDrlis, &d mlhd tnar posiriotu th. ndrd
Wodd 6utri6 wirhin global qpi|rlhn. The two innqitoB of rh. B.irbh
@loiatis, India dd P.riea borh inlrri.d povciy and udcrdev.lopmcni at
3NiC.lHdb, Shts, Eenonh D.v.topmcilsdri.Asi,n PscificRin,, itrRiciard
At elbrun ud J.fiq.y H.nd.6on (eds .) Std6 add Dtuldpned jn tie Asjan pac Ae Rh,
(x*tury k*r s.3. Publhhdq 1992), p 76.
242

ibe frd ofthe €olooial rulc. nrc @lonial rulc .ndcd ii d€stoyir8 lhc iradniotul
md in lignob institrrioos atd a l.gey of @lonial capir.lisn. fte followire
table d.6oNtra16 the iatus ot u.L.d.v.lopm.ni in thc lltst lew yed of th.it
T.ble 9. Stttu of Und.rde.loDDent i. I!di. .nd P.thtrtr h th€ FiFa
1952-1954
($ us) 0953-
1956\v"
sdM: Gitil a. arrond md ,.m s. cot.nD (.d ). Th. Potirt t ofrh. D.Etopirs
a6 (ftiMonr ftirroi u 6ny &*, tt60.). p t?t.
P.liitar ed India folloeld $o ditfcEDr rtDoehd of dcvclopndr. bdis
crDe thc pldr of elf-Eliee Fdiorcd upon & idotosy ofnaiioirlisD, *tjtc
Pali$o E sforccd into tcu4. of a tucolonid qpitalin model.
Eolqa. at6 fiv€ d.qdes of d.vclopment, rh! ob€w4 fild srikiog paFltets
in lhe &hid€nenrs ed rhc failings of India &d PatisGn' .tespib thet di{f@t
nodels of d.velopmenr 'l.fdl moft2liry h6 decli.ed Ead ljte cxpdlmy hs
ri$n along rising nles of inoculaton against dis4e. Aduh liidey h6
inpoled, paniculoly in Indi4 bul g6$ih k lc$ impE$ive thd id tuy oth€r
Asie @uriei Bp.cially for rcn n. AlthouSh binl 6r.s hav. fallq in bottr
.281

co@Lies, Paki$an s emin more rhc highd in rhc qorld. In borh €ouFi6,
dEG ontinue to b. wide dispdiri€s i! scial indicaroB be|qed difr@ srar6
(orpblidet md betwen ubd dd ruEl es.' s
Sai€bl chege in India md lalisid do not narch rhc spinliotr of p@ple
who fought a lons slruggl. agaiGt B.itish €olonialism ro gel lneh indepeodence.
The goals of €ndin8 or even rducing pov.ny, poviding adequar€ h.ddr @,
ofrenng eduational opponMilies for all, dd rcdkin8 regio.at, ubartml. &d
g€nd.r inequaliiy Main targ.rs for $e fulur€ ar th€ ehd oi$e fist half entury
of ideFndoe .'r There e inc@ing dispuities of wealrh dd living
@ndidos in bolh mutics. Allhoud!, ! npidly grcwing middle cl6s in India
shae the ber61s ofrhe @aomic gre$1h bul h@dcd ofmilliotu of Iidi6, ejll
e depl} inpovdi5h.4 having N res ro rh. b.tcr lifc ofd€

B€@d rh. sfiLins sinilarni.s of u etd.velopmor in lndia .nd
Patistsr. tle diff.@c€s @ al$ vdy vkiblc. Th.e dif.rcnes @ in $en
appma.h6 10 d*€lopmsnl. Pa&isld b.gm its joumey pirh a Eslre
disadvebSe in €onpsi$n Mth thc physi.al and hmd capnal availabl€ ro
Indic But, smn aA.r ils binh. being thc .buffci lrare' b.rwe.h rhe Soviet Union
and lhe lEe Mrld', il sd cajoled b cni.r inio a d.pcndent reldrionship wid ihe
U.S. md ils @pitalist model of dcvelophent. As €rlier discussd the €@nonic
plminS in P.kisra wd inilialcd u.ld the influence of HAO itlar Oonokd th€
rctior of @nonic grcs1h feuing on indurdal d.rclopne dd €rcomging
catiirr @wularion dtuE8alding the .@nomic ed ecial Neds of rh€ Fople.
'Itis go91b bodel @ a@mplni.d by m aulhodidi& clite of bulll|lllruy,
my dd feudal rhd I bolsr.Ed by ih. c6lodie of rhe .fiE wrld' ltE Unit d
$!re b .Ne Palisr.r's eiarior wilh D.fee Per. agaiftr Colmuiu.
fuainsl l[. mrc of edorrlisD sp@din8 in ns ieighbon.S @ud6 lilc India
kda IndoBia dd tmy Abb srarB, d. ruling .lir. in Prtbr.n ch6c 10 be rhe
'climl' stale of &e U.S. ignoing th. spiEtios of tnc Fopl.. Aurhodlarieis
anl eorcoac sb*lh wF bl.ndcd togerho ald prsdb.d a rhc bcsr e@nomic
model lor Parisre. 'By 1959, the nst sisgc of Paldst n's induslrialialior b6sed
or inpon subsiitutio. w.s ov..,'nr€ p€riod followed ew th€ ufolding oI dE
stund ph4 ol Patistln\ industrialization based prineily on expofl-ori€nled
gtu*th fld fineed i.lbugir ldgc dff.! of forcign aid','y4 In the tuly 1960s
*
HM C'rdei ed ,Mil RA!6d, P4l t!tu: rh. t xbth Je, np..11..9 t74.
285

udq thc nilir.ry dl. of C46l Ayub, P.rbbn vd b€bg p@j€cr.d s 'a bener
bet to succeed cco.omically thd Koe5, Indonesia or Malaysia' ed .to cbs
over into thc r&rk of middl.- incone' 6utri.s'- '5 But, il did lot happen. IrE
daldc of dcvclopmdt 6 pmFa.d by nMr Mite6 of hod@iarion ih6ry
€ded in e dli{ryclopmdt mov@cnr agaitur the on@ nliotr ot walIh inlo
few hands, which fo@d C6dal Atlb to Gign dd .pelude !o the.vcnrs of1h€
civil wa od dr. delinting of the Estdn povine,. A a Gsrlt of rhe
lulldita'i&is inidabd i. i$ fir$ d.c!d., .P.ki$d is srill in th. maling, nill
iriving to 6rd . silblc ed .trarivc fom of govcmdt'.$
On the olh.r h&d India t cotuid.Ed .th€ mrld.s l{e$r dcmdEy. &d
is Faied for i6 succcs h building 6 solid constiuional srucim whq€ civil
ethondes havc ndd bm the&n d by chaltenges ton rhe milirsry. India
urlite Pali$an hls nevd *Fri4.d nilinry rule or 4q a siou mot by
rhc mnibry 10 int F6c in rhe politic.l pm.s &d enio. mililary officcs have
nd€t held hinb&rial omce ed have nev.r cndbnged lhe audoriry of lle
civilie Dinhtcr of defeme.e Regul& trsf.6 of po@ hlvc t!ke, ple
lhsugh &e &d go.nlly fan cbto6 ii strich participrion h6 bc.n saong.
Ard rew politicd foB hrv. ben 6bt€ lo ocre€ rcpKnring pFviouly eBL
&|d ud€Eprcent.d 8reups in si.ry dcapn. opposnion Aom tllditioml pow
elji6. But lDlitical d.moc@y wilhour includi.S the Firciplc of economic
* MNir G w.ut u4 P.[l@ Ml'tred r.imra m'sd oppotui'i6 : in r.d.) s.hg s
rn'ia Per H xELh.'!_ an D.rN r\u r.d.) 4. c,! D. 39
!(dfrE 'nd
D.nik Kur r.l.r a .ir, o 15
- Pa' R BN. Indi' Ctm(mrl prcgEs d pro5kft in Sdig s Hmo4 plrt H
KnBb.r& ad D.unj! xur (.d ) op or p 2t.
246

equality cmot address the isue of uderdevelopmor, Alrhoud! 1n.
a.hnv@nt of @nomic.qlslrty B dclared Io be th€ l&g.r of d. torg-kd
€corcmic dcv.lopn polici€s based on sdidin idmlogy o|d rhe nehdism of
enfatitd plming,'in ptaalice, in rcaliry, ed 4d in ihc adnissior ofthos
f,to d.rclop.n th6e @ly .ttmnic pl.,E rhe &ruat eoats 9d diffeqa.{
And ind.Fndenc., India deded 10 folow rh. Scialisl D6r.m of
$iery in@rporahng lhe dcdne d4 tndB $outd Ett on p.n6n e gov.menl
owBhip ad sfoDs-hedcd public din lion of fic indusrrial, fiiaftiat,
comunicatioN, ed raNpon *dos . ,t A Nalional plmine Coonjssion of
Intlia udd rhe chaiMhip of the pdmc Mitrisler Nclu! B glabtishcd in
M@h 1950 ard had b€ln d.fi'.d s the EcoNmic Cabitur", mr mftly for rhe
Union but als for tlr Slaics,, r@ Tle Cobhission re enpowaed !o invcstigare
ad l@nD.nd policie for dmosl elery sFcr of narional lif.. 11r Comi$ion
had lb€ control ovq rlE dblribudon of€cdomic rcew.s mong th€ 5la16,rl
ws b a position to dictaie thc fom of individul Starfs, developmert,r0r ltrdie
tunic gods enbited aliding the sElctw of @nony from pldomiMrty
.ericuh&l b @Gpicuoully indu$riat, rtircldnS povcny ed jEquljry, sd
&hiBing d a@plau€ r.t of €@oDic grce1h, Connind
povidc fi. @uEyt 5550,000 v hgd wirh b6ic @nics srrch s Fjoey
cPalrR 86. indu- Dmdflr pbgEs qd ptubjrm mrod.,sd,g\ b,s, pu NsmryodlfuB H
Ku,op.dr, p r5.
.. ,*" a&T: 1!9 Mu.I *hFEd nuch ro xhEE.. D i.d.) s.ri8 s. H||114 p.ur
imer
H
nd Do/nn xE oo. rn.
';t!gt:trr4.!y: ' 65
otr p!d! A p,/d,,/ !4on,r mdo..p. Mr pl* r06?r. p 45.
1\. Pr .\ aJ ptddtnS 4 stu4 ot t^do, t E? ftt pt^ t9r0-
/eff rrondon. or rord Unr *rir) prs. tobor ccoq. Roie D.q,r,o ,, d LdMt. Charye
247

ehools, clinics, polable wter, sirary fa.iliieq dd eldrriciiy., 'm nte
@nlinuity in Indim @rcmi. plroing (t95G1964) is tnom a Nehovid
Plmins. Nehavid Mode of Pltuing ws differ fom Gmdlie Seiatis,
Thc @dihnio! ofltrdi! p8!.d jr t950 rhll bomsld h.ality tn t9l5 A.!
M co@ined lo pdlid€nlary d.6ocrey dd @nlained no n ntion of
Oedhi& onsritutiotr. 'A Oe.thio @nsdlulion sB iot to havc b6n giv.n a
noDots' ihouglr'. '@ Tic consirurioo of lrdia dfl.cled N.hN,s. tine of
thitliq tbat belicved lhal ldia rceded a e ralizd @tudtulion io Bubtish th.
stability and rh€ uiry n*s6ry b de so.i.t Evolurion. Undd lhe innlE@ of
socialjsm, Nehru b€li.ved thar cenrnlizld alilbriry md enlrslized ptmiDg we€
t*o Mtirl f&ro6 for €.onmi" pregB. '"
tn on[a,l to lalii,a $al
bdcMrl eononic bodehiation rhrcueh haph@d elimce upon pnvate
. .Dri*,!d th. D.*ct 3ys1eq IrdirD @mmic pl.ljlB i!&.d.d io Ely
purpc'vely or govmdr.l inirjative io cEate e irrcsBted indulr.ial *ctor
Howvd, ldopling for & indsrT-ist dd.lopnor progm like patistan B
rsociar.d wiri rhe idea of inGrhrcn Ellriodhip of induJrriatjzario! Mlh
ubeiztio! Md modmiarion in mosl of 1he posi-colonial stares. Tlis
d.wlopn m nodel % h tinc with rh. p.6digD of dd€topnot rhlr lsuned
1hal srd€ pow shodd supen de harkers. Tt. najor thcme of this paadigm B
r r,cr, (Edr.k : untrs't) orGt,tqDi, p@ 1966r rm,ft R ttukt, tndh! potrcd
hTI? .ty :tr:-..th..9,?dw!RAd d,piMd pnmdLtum,D pr$. reE.
,. ,1. *"11 MJd ehr.!rd,
"-l:
h4h b rhJt.. r i.d, sd,s s HMib4 prur
M'!cc
H.
ed huh Kqop c'l" p 6r.
'*Gtuqik n /drucd,tu@ cm!@ola Nd@ ,tu\t
^6in.
\p34
288

coqiol or itpp(llsion ofnu*€t foB. TltN d|c i .ll.ctusi inr,anerc of0c
&Eloping @utria in tl* pdltoloi.l Fnod be.m oic ofe oE tElniig
npbris @ lh. rel. of tlE adc.
I. thb @nGxt il is h&dly suprtuing dd cxtm. lionns of c@mic
ulioodis b€m. .ltFsr uilasl doE pGtolonial i.r6, Tlr fom
@plEiz.d imDon @ndok, o!.rv.lEd .rch69! n&+ hig6*.1. public
ov!.BhiD rd ilstmt imotiv.n direr inrc3torart wirh mE gcd
'!tGr
rrI.+ Fica ond ergls, crc.rc Ar 0F od of colonid Friod, mnic
otioorlis M db6..d r!8!rtl6 of poliricd idoloSy in tlE @nP.tiriE
$orld conaxt rd r?rs &iv€o by thc Flciv.d impon nc. of s(t.tnrl
.mFririon Frha rhlr dotrtBric so.[l pndiri6, In lrdis qt xt, tt goglh of
cc rliz.d slt lnd tt politicd *@my 9..6.t

Indi4 litE Patistaa ignorcd its agncullurrl slor at th. p@f@ne of
indBtrialiation, but, in @ni.st ro Palisrd, ihe exploirive colonjal 6mibg
syst n domimkd by big lmdlo.ds dd princd w6 abolisb€d im€dialely.ftd
ind.p.nddce 10 giv. a lip wie ro candhid i&al. A coulrywide sydem oI
Flst proFi.toEhip B 6tablish.d in qbich rirle lo land {r.fi€.rive @nrrcl
B Ferf.drd b rhe fomd, culdv.ring tcMc. Thi5 bc.jc tle bsis of lonSt
m sidist *bdEs fo. @redinn! Indid lgriclltur rbmush I'd rcfoms!
led edislribution. md c@pmriv€ fming. In th€ finl file ycr-plm 10
apFe Od

this r€alialion v€ry loud that th. neglect of agicultml sclor ai the cost of
industialiation in *ly yeo! &d c.ntmlizd plmihS €snlt d in bceed
pov..ty nihr ihe al*iaIing it. Thc Frcmtaec of ubo ed tu dl poor
inc@ld emevlEl in itc @ly 1950! dd mincd mE or l* cmrd fd rb.
rcxt fi&nty y.m. rrr Mdy wirds ob!.ryc rhar lndi. mighl have a.hiev€d dr
8o.k
of Seial Rwolution dvisiomd in Osdhis @Nfnnbn if n h.d follo$rd
! palh of deqtraliatior focusine on th. villag. €codomy instead of oFing for
centnlied plming &d indusr'ialiarion. TIF n w @Btiluiion outlined seial
and @nonic policies 10 rctiry in qurliti.s md shift po@ to lhe wakq
.l@ents. Five d@ad6' wonh of u.ndm.nt! dd laws mnrinre the seull
arrinst urouchabiny dd bo.ded ad child l.bq. And in a cruial wy, rh.
bdi& civil Fnie, pide of tb. Btjtish Empir., took d pddey BFnsibility for
|!.ul!line aI lnes n$ plG inro Edity'. rD
And th. firsl @tuy of rb€ir in&pcrdae, Pakind dd India @ d.d
!tM8 rhc host d.pdved rcgion of rhc wo d. 'rr
The prefilc of hlllM
dcprisdo' in Pakisla! dd India show a sombq picnE. 'fte foUowinc Table
sho{s rhe pofil€ of sDerding on bealth, .ducarion, def€ne ed p@nrage of
population living in poveny. It Gv.als rh in 1995, l5 pr enr of bial
population b India ad 29 F *ni of roi.l populaiion in Paldstar ws living in
polaty. Public qFndine on educalion ald h.dth *B ls tbe 5 p6 Bt of
rr' S. MolErbr D.r a.d Ajn R!d., PoEny !n hbtj. Poticy: A Mix.d R@nl', h {.d) X.
ry$. tndin Dodop@ R.tn1 t0i7, (D.lhr Orlod Un'EE'ry Plq lo93)
''' Smld. D.s' u.r K,rhrft F SEdhr, .rnd'.: atoqh rd mqn tny . r r.d I s.|a S
Heis4 Prnl H. Krisb.'€ rnd D.unn Kux, op. cir , ,, t03
'" M.lboob !l Haq and Kidij. H.9, Hth.h Dd.topr.to iD sodh trio (x@hi Oxto.d
291

ONP b 6.
'E
1990. h od|4 ll. d.esc orpeodirr. (s % of cdd
lor@d.ry(,dib.) r'.30 6 F..dil| htda! d t4.5 Fo.{r h hfr
h &. t.& 1995. Slnihly, rt Arb( i..vh. rdo (d!ba !.wt u X ofc{!ot! of
Sood! &d sviq) i! rh. ,* t99t tu't 35 ta i! hbrbt jt 27 r h hir
tn

T.blG l0: Pntll. ol SpodhS ir t.d. .!d Prt tuhn
Td|l GDP (Us t b'llior t995
Public cxpddi@ of.d@riotr sd h.trhi;t--f:i
D.ftr qrqd'@ (s \ ;a;t;i
D.f.&.rpadhu (a % du.!d; lrn h;;i
sdc B5d d r$16 3dd e n rd;@;;67;..?
f'ii62.1 & 2 a n Hh@ D.vtqa.nt n s.tuh ho ,Clt, @. cn.. o t,
293