3. - usaid
3. - usaid 3. - usaid
Many frightened villagers left their homes. They camped outside the walled areas. The air was cold and the victims were badly in need of blankets and warm clothing. In many villages the inhabitants also suffered from thirst. Wells, undergroimd canals, and water source:j had been damaged and were no't working. Rescue workers pulled from under the rubble many victims still in the positions they had been in Survivors at a relief camp when death overtook them. One lifeless woman held her child in her m; another sat in the corner of her room in the act of feeding her child. In an extraordinary case, an elderly woman and her three-year old grandson were pulled out alive 48 hours after the quake struck. She was reading the Koran when rescuers reached her. The child was crying for food. One eyewitness told of a 59-year old villager, Mohammad Khodai, in Kakh. Khodai was found kneeling beside a mound of dust and broken wooden poles, unable to speak at first. When speech returned to him he said his whole family lay beneath what had been his patriarchal home. They were his five sons, two daughters, their children and grandchildren, numbering 32 persons in all. Another eyewitness described the devastated regions as "like a moon scene." Of the 4,040 people injured, 1,000 required hospitalization. This is considered a low injury rate against the 10,000 deaths . Most of those who were injured had to be treated for broken bones. Only a few of the injured died. The villagers lost their families, their homes, and all their belongings. Cattle and mules were buried under the debris. Until suitable equipment could be moved in, men and women toiled with picks and spades to dig out the victims. In some areas, with no hand tools available, survivors tore at the rubble with their hands. Many of the villages had no roads of' any sort leading to them. This slowed the pace for bringing in help. Mercy teams were not able to reach the villages of Kashak, Espian, Fathabad, Nardaban, and others until Tuesday morning, September 3. The distances between the quake-stricken areas and between them and Meshed were an additional complication. The Gonabad airstrip was severely damaged. Some repairs were made 48 hours after the quake, but as of June 1969 satisfactory landing strips had not yet been completed. The devastated area faced the post earthquake dangers of contaminated water, exposure to weather, and outbreak of disease. Schools and public places,
including mosques, were turned into emergency clinics. emergency shelters were brought in. Tents and other By September 3, there had been at least 11 aftershocks which spread new waves of panic and fear among the population. (~dditional earthquakes on January 3 and 4, 1969, again devastated Khorassan Province, leaving an estimated 50 persons dead, 300 injured, and 2,000 homeless. Some 50 villages around Esfarayen district were affected.) By September 7, bulldozers had begun to clear the rubble in Kakh, Dash-e- Biaz and Khezri. Comnentary on Causes for Heavy Casualties and Destruction The "Tehran Journal" stated that the blame for the heavy death toll mst fall on the extremely poor quality of building materials in the area. Unstable walls, heavy roofs, unbraced houses are key components which a quake with an intensity far less than those of August 31 and September 1 could have toppled. Indeed, thousands of lives might have been saved had other types of construction been used, but mud and timber have been the basic building mterials in Iran for centuries. The "Kayan International" of September 2 stated that tomorrow 's quakes would also be accompanied by big casualty figures unless "we can master-build low cost quake-proof houses, or can devise a system of advance warning, if such a system becomes - feasible. " - Dasht-e-Biaz -- Photo demonstrates the volume/weight of the overhead structures and roofs used in village houses. The newspapers also speculated on the possibility of Tehran being struck by an earthquake. Studies by seismologists indicated this could happen. Tehran is built on alluvial material. It is, however, on higher ground, has more gravelly materials, and is probably less susceptible to severe damage than surrounding lower lying alluvial areas that may be saturated with water. In rural areas, the large alluvium deposits provide little stability in earthquakes. The need to replace the mdbrick-timber structures with more earthquake-resistant ones was pointed out to Iran by Japanese earthquake experts following the 1962 Qazvin quake. One of the challenging problems is to find suitable material which will provide cool interiors in the smer and retain warmth in winter. There is impressive evidence that
- Page 102 and 103: BRAZIL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISAS
- Page 104 and 105: comittee and the Brazilian military
- Page 106 and 107: CHARAmSTICS OF THE DISASTER EVENT:
- Page 108 and 109: industrial and comercial sectors as
- Page 110 and 111: Because of the serious power failur
- Page 112 and 113: Complete devastation from the first
- Page 114 and 115: y ash fall is already turning green
- Page 116 and 117: and they arrived from USSOUIXCOM in
- Page 118 and 119: ehabilitation and reconstruction of
- Page 120 and 121: The August 2, 1968, edition of La R
- Page 122 and 123: 1,950 IW.comal, export market value
- Page 124 and 125: ASSISTANCE PROVIDED BY !rHE Ue S, G
- Page 126 and 127: delivered to McGuire AFB, New Jerse
- Page 128 and 129: ASSISTANCE PROVIDED BY THE U. So GO
- Page 130 and 131: NICARAGUA ~CrERIsTIcS OF THE DISm m
- Page 132 and 133: ACTION TAKEN BY 'ME GOWBMtNT OF NIC
- Page 134 and 135: ASSISTANCE PROVIDED BY OTHER NATIaS
- Page 136 and 137: distributed by Peruvlan voluntary a
- Page 138 and 139: July and/or October Floods July/Awt
- Page 141 and 142: Deaths in West Bengal were reported
- Page 143 and 144: The West Bengal branch of the India
- Page 145 and 146: IRAN CHARAmSTICS OF THE DISASTER EV
- Page 147 and 148: &st earthquakes occur along these m
- Page 149 and 150: factors and localities. " It is rea
- Page 151: shaded farm center of appraoximatel
- Page 156 and 157: the ~nzlximwn length of an unsuppor
- Page 158 and 159: Prime Minister Hoveyda flew to the
- Page 160 and 161: Ministry of Land Reform and Rural C
- Page 162 and 163: Comnts on Effectiveness of Iran's R
- Page 164 and 165: The Ambassador asked GO1 representa
- Page 166 and 167: U. S. Geological Survey The U. S. G
- Page 168 and 169: Damage to Police Academy in Khezri
- Page 170 and 171: P.L. 480 FOO~ - AID CARE - 97,000 p
- Page 172 and 173: warnings should be sent with the te
- Page 174 and 175: U, S, VOLUNTARY AGENCIES AND U'I'HE
- Page 176 and 177: Ferdows, Kakh, Khezri, etc., were f
- Page 178 and 179: Foreground - Ehglish Tent Backgroun
- Page 180 and 181: Japan - Govemnt - cash Red Cross -
- Page 182 and 183: International Organizations United
- Page 184 and 185: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISASTER EVE
- Page 186 and 187: in organizing relief activities. Me
- Page 188 and 189: PAKISTAN CHARA-STICS EVENT: OF THE
- Page 190 and 191: In Dinajpur town Breach of Dinaj pu
- Page 192 and 193: This house in Gumnandi village betw
- Page 194 and 195: organizing distribution of clothing
- Page 196 and 197: Governments United Klngdm (114,300
- Page 198 and 199: An ESSA Satellite Photo, April 14,
- Page 200 and 201: CARE.also authorized local purchase
including mosques, were turned into emergency clinics.<br />
emergency shelters were brought in.<br />
Tents and other<br />
By September 3, there had been at least 11 aftershocks which spread new<br />
waves of panic and fear among the population. (~dditional earthquakes<br />
on January 3 and 4, 1969, again devastated Khorassan Province, leaving<br />
an estimated 50 persons dead, 300 injured, and 2,000 homeless. Some<br />
50 villages around Esfarayen district were affected.)<br />
By September 7, bulldozers had begun to clear the rubble in Kakh, Dash-e-<br />
Biaz and Khezri.<br />
Comnentary on Causes for Heavy Casualties and Destruction<br />
The "Tehran Journal" stated that the blame for the heavy death toll mst<br />
fall on the extremely poor quality of building materials in the area.<br />
Unstable walls, heavy roofs, unbraced<br />
houses are key components which a<br />
quake with an intensity far less<br />
than those of August 31 and<br />
September 1 could have toppled.<br />
Indeed, thousands of lives<br />
might have been saved had other<br />
types of construction been used,<br />
but mud and timber have been<br />
the basic building mterials<br />
in Iran for centuries.<br />
The "Kayan International" of<br />
September 2 stated that tomorrow 's<br />
quakes would also be accompanied<br />
by big casualty figures unless<br />
"we can master-build low cost<br />
quake-proof houses, or can<br />
devise a system of advance<br />
warning, if such a system<br />
becomes - feasible. " -<br />
Dasht-e-Biaz -- Photo demonstrates the<br />
volume/weight of the overhead structures<br />
and roofs used in village houses.<br />
The newspapers also speculated on the possibility of Tehran being struck<br />
by an earthquake. Studies by seismologists indicated this could happen.<br />
Tehran is built on alluvial material. It is, however, on higher ground,<br />
has more gravelly materials, and is probably less susceptible to severe<br />
damage than surrounding lower lying alluvial areas that may be saturated<br />
with water.<br />
In rural areas, the large alluvium deposits provide little stability in<br />
earthquakes. The need to replace the mdbrick-timber structures with more<br />
earthquake-resistant ones was pointed out to Iran by Japanese earthquake<br />
experts following the 1962 Qazvin quake. One of the challenging problems<br />
is to find suitable material which will provide cool interiors in the<br />
smer and retain warmth in winter. There is impressive evidence that
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