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Grosjean,S., Y.Devaux, c.seguin, c.Meistelman,F.zannad, P.M.Mertes, R'A'Kelly, and D'Ungureanu.Longrois'2001.''Retinoicacidattenuatesinduciblenitricoxide synthase (Nos2) activation in cultured rat cardiac myocytes and microvascular endothelial cells. " J' M ot. Cell Car diol' 33 :933 -9 45' Gudas,L.J. 1994. "Retinoids and vertebrate development'" J'BioI'Chem' 269:75399- 15402. Guene-Mi1lo,M., c.Rouault, P.Poulain, J.Andre, v.Poitout, J.M.Peters, F'J'Gonzalez' J.C.Fruchart, G.Reach, and B.Staels. 2001. "PPAR-alpha-null mice are protected from hi gh-fat diet-induc ed insulin resistance. " D i ab e t e s . 5 0 :2809 -281 4. Halliwell,B. and J.M.Gutteridge. 1990. "Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: an ovewiew ." Methods Enzymol. 1 86 : 1 -85 : I -85. Hamet,P., L.Richard, T.v.Dam, E.Teiger, s.N.orlov, L.Gaboury, F.Gossard, and J.Tremblay .Igg5. "Apoptosis in target organs of hypertension'" Hypertension' 26:642-648. Hatae,T., M.Wada, c.Yokoyama, M.Shimonishi, and T.Tanabe. 2001' "Prostacyclindependent apoptosis mediated by PPAR delta." J.Biol'chem.276:46260-46267 ' Heinzel,T., R.M.Lavinsky, T.M.Mullen, M.Soderstrom, C'D'Laherty, J'Torchia' W.M.Yang,G.Brard,S.D'Ngo,J'R.Davie,E.Seto,R.N.Eisenman,D.W'Rose, c.K.Glass, and M.G.Rosenfeld. lgg7. "Acomplex containing N-coR, mSin3 and histone deacetylase mediates transcriptional repression." Nature.387:43-48' Henaff,M., S.Antoine, J.J.Mercadier, A.coulombe, and S.N.Hatem'2002' "The voltageindependent B-type caT+ channel modulates apoptosis of cardiac myocytes'" FASEB J.16:99-101. Henderson,I.c., J.c.Allegra, T.Woodcock, s.wolff, S.Bryan, K'Cartwright, G'Dukart, and D.Henry. 1989. "Randomized clinical trial comparing mitoxantrone with doxorubicin in previously treated patients with metastatic breast cancer'" J. Clin. Oncol. 7 :560-57 l' r44
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il\VOLVEMENT OF RETII\OIC ACID II{
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Title: AKNOWLEDGMENTS DEDICATION LI
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IV.b.3. The uptake to peripheral ti
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II.a. Total RAR and total RXR recep
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ACKNO\ryLEDGMENTS I must say that m
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DEDICATION To my toughest critic, m
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Figure: LIST OF FIGURES Page: 1. Ch
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30. A and B The expression of anti-
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treated (ADR), trolox treated (TROL
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INTRODUCTION Adriamycin, an anthrac
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apoptosis, which will ultimately pr
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LITERATURE REVIE\il I. Adriamycin i
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Binding and alkylation of DNA Inter
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myocardial inflammation which was s
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1990; Kusuoka et al. l99l; Olson et
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levels of antioxidant enzymes (Odom
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causing the increased leakage of el
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mechanisms which are involved in th
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to protect against adriamycin-induc
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The usage of Probucol.' Most promis
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II. Oxidative stress II.a. Introduc
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of a large array of cellular abnorm
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menstruation (Kokawa et al. 1996),
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DNA(Cohen 1997; Saikumar et al. 199
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pathogenesis of heart failure. A nu
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elonging to spontaneous hlpertensiv
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AlþTrsns Retlnolc Acld fAfRAl g€
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dehydrogenase (SDR), alcohol dehydr
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(Bavik et a|. 1991). Soon after its
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et al. 1994; Napoli 1996). The func
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is achieved through its binding to
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Retinoic acid signaling pathwaybegi
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(Bavik et al. 1997). One of the mos
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cells (Gaetano et ai. ZOot¡. The s
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neuroblastoma, genn cell tumors and
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presence of two distinctive pathway
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cytochrome C release from mitochond
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peroxidation (Sultana et a|.2004).
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adipose tissue and to a lesser exte
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such as; increased generation of re
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physiological and pathological proc
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Protective effects of PPAR y agonis
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IIYPOTHESIS This study tests the hy
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I.c.Collection of Tissues Hearts we
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thoracotomy was performed and heart
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Il.c.Western Blot Analvsis Western
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green were counted as dead cells. T
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RESULTS I.In Vivo Studies I.a.Gener
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Lc. Retinoic acid receptors Three w
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The RAR o and PPAR-õ receptors RNA
Page 113 and 114: significantly decreased when compar
Page 116: IL b.7. RAR alPha recePtor levels T
Page 120: ILb. 3. RAR sammø recEtor levels F
Page 124: ILb. 5. RXR baa recEúor levels The
Page 129: visible staining were accounted as
Page 137 and 138: DISSCUSION I. Adriamvcin CardiomvoP
Page 139 and 140: Treatment with adriamycin has been
Page 141 and 142: High RA 1 Adriamycin I oxidative st
Page 143 and 144: study as well as in others (Kumar e
Page 145 and 146: It is reported that PPAR y receptor
Page 147 and 148: expression. These effects of trolox
Page 149 and 150: REFERENCES Abdul Hamied,T.A., D.Par
Page 151 and 152: Bashor,M.M., D.O.Toft, and F.Chytll
Page 153 and 154: distribution of PPAR-alpha, -beta,
Page 155 and 156: colbert,M.C., D.G.Hall, T.R.Kimball
Page 157 and 158: Diep,Q.N., M'El Mabrouk, J.S.Cohn,
Page 159 and 160: Evans,R.M. 1988. "The steroid and t
Page 161: Ghione M. Development of Adriamycin
Page 165 and 166: morphogenetic protein-2 inhibits se
Page 167 and 168: Khandoudi,N., P.Delerive, I.Berrebi
Page 169 and 170: Kusuoka,H., S.Futaki, Y.Koretsune,
Page 171 and 172: and myosin heavy chain gene express
Page 173 and 174: Mehta,J.L., B.Hu, J.Chen, and D.Li.
Page 175 and 176: Morriss-Kay,G.M. and s.J.ward. 1999
Page 177 and 178: Notario,B., M.Zamora, O.Vinas, and
Page 179 and 180: petkovich,M., N.J.Brand, A.Krust, a
Page 181 and 182: Ruberte,E., P.Dolle, P.Chambon, and
Page 183 and 184: Sharov,V.G., H.N.Sabbah, H.Shimoyam
Page 185 and 186: spiegelman,B.M. and J.s.Flier .1996
Page 187 and 188: Teebor,G.w., R.J.Boorstein, and J.c
Page 189 and 190: vanVeen,T.A.,H.V.vanRijen,R.F.V/ieg
Page 191 and 192: wi1liams,J.B. and J.L.Napoli. 1985.
Page 193 and 194: peroxisome proliferator-activated r
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