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ABSTRACT An anthropometric survey on a representative sample of 3,000 children under the age of 5 years was carried out, in order to determine underlying causes of PEM, in a rural area of Ethiopia. Anthropometric indicators were used as dependent variables and socio-economic and health factors as independent var iabLes. Mean Weight-for-Height, Height-for-Age and Ï.leight-for-Àge percent of standard were 92.4, gz"7 and 80.5' respectively. The proportion of children identified as malnourished according to the weight-for-Age parameter was Os.8%) greater than that indicated by either Height-for-Age (63.8%) or lleight-for-Height (40.5%). independent variables such as â9€r additional food, breast-feeding and ownership of livestock were observed to have a highly significant effect on Height-for-Àge and they were also significantly correlated (p . 0.0001 ) with Height-for-Age, respectivery. Frequency of diarrhea had a significant effect on Weight-for-Heighl and rvas significantly correlated (p < 0.0001 ) with weight-for-Height. However, the proportion of explainable variation in anthropometric sÈatus of children surveyed lras generally Iow. Ànthropometric measurements can not be used to assess individual nutrient deficiencies. Hence, development of field methods to assess specific nutríent deficiencies is needed. vitamin A deficiency is a prevalent nutritional problem in pre-school and school-age children. However, there is no suitable and applicable melhod of screening for early Vitanin À deficiency in young children. A study was conducted to - 11 -
standardize a 1O-Second Dark Àdaptation Test intended to measure dark adaptation in young children. The relationship of test results from the 10-Second TesL and the Rapid Dark Adaptation Test (n¡ef) were examined together with applicability of RDÀT in children 7-'10 years oLd and fluctuations in the perception of the purkinje-shift in adults. The 1O-Second Test was observed to be applicable for both 7-10 and under 5 year-o1d children. Mean test times for 7-10 and under 5 years children were '13 and 15.3 seconds respectively compared to 16.2 seconds for adults" A significant relationship (r= 0.91, p < 0.02) was observed between test times of the 10-Second Test and RDAT. Similar increases and decreases in test times were found and the same subjects were above the mean and below the mean test times in both tests. Test times for the'1O-Second Test and RDAT were significantly dependent (p.0.0001) on test day. The RDAT was applicabte in children 7-'10 years old. À significant subject effect was observed for both 7-10 year o1d children and adults in the RDAT. The validity of the 1O-second Test,however, needs lo be evaluated in vitamin A deficient subjects. Whether or nol the fluctualion in the perception of lhe Purkinje shift was cyclical could not be determined from the data. - 111 -
Page 1 and 2: NUTRTTiON SURVEY METHODS: EXPERiENC
Page 3: NUTRITION SURVEY I{ETHODS: EXPERIEN
Page 7 and 8: Finally, I wish to thank my wife, s
Page 9 and 10: .Vítamin A deficiency, a prevalent
Page 11 and 12: ¿. RESUTTS 30 Data Cleaning 30 Des
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TÀBIES Table paqe 1. ¿. 3
Page 15 and 16: tIST OF FIGURES Fiqure '1. Relation
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Malnutrition
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 2 REVIEI^¡ OF THE TITERÀT
Page 21 and 22: growth. Measurable growth retardati
Page 23 and 24: LAND\ \ ÀGRI CULTURÀL PRODUCTION
Page 25 and 26: minimum salaries (indicator of low
Page 27 and 28: Possession of livestock (mirk anirn
Page 29 and 30: the 3rd percentile at about 7 to I
Page 31 and 32: Chavez and Ramirez (1963) also stat
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 3 MATERIÀtS ÀND METHODS 3
Page 35 and 36: 20 3 " 1 ,3 Food Production The siz
Page 37 and 38: 22 (a) egricultural Variables (rood
Page 39 and 40: 24 (E) uealth Variables (HeaIth Sta
Page 41 and 42: 26 3,2 METHODS 3.2.1 Data collecLio
Page 43 and 44: dependent variables. À significanc
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4 RESULTS 4.1 DATÀ CTEANIN
Page 47 and 48: 32 TÀBtE '1 Age and sex distributi
Page 49 and 50: 34 TABLE 5 Size of land cultivated
Page 51 and 52: 36 TÀBLE 9 Classification of child
Page 53 and 54: 38 4.3 ÀSSOCIATTON OF SOCIO-ECONOM
Page 55 and 56:
40 TABTE 1 2 Effect of socio-econom
Page 57 and 58:
42 important (in the current survey
Page 59 and 60:
44 TABLE 1 5 Effects of child-feedi
Page 61 and 62:
46 TÀBIE 1 7 Age, health and socio
Page 63 and 64:
Chapter 5 ÐI SCUSSI ON More childr
Page 65 and 66:
Whether or not the child rvas recei
Page 67 and 68:
(r=-0.42; p
Page 69 and 70:
Chapter 6 CONCLUSION in this study,
Page 71 and 72:
crops had significant effects on an
Page 73 and 74:
Chapter 7 iNTRODUCTION Vitamin A de
Page 75 and 76:
Chapter I REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8.1
Page 77 and 78:
During dark adaptation, a large amo
Page 79 and 80:
Classical Dark Àdaptation Test has
Page 81 and 82:
66 centrate on the test light as th
Page 83 and 84:
test light. 68 The stimulus consist
Page 85 and 86:
70 TÀBIE 1 9 Comparison of scores
Page 87 and 88:
(1977 ). nner using poker chips, ex
Page 89 and 90:
there vras a complaint related to n
Page 91 and 92:
Chapter 9 MÀTERIAtS ÀND METHODS 9
Page 93 and 94:
10-Second Test were used. in experi
Page 95 and 96:
were identified. Errors were reflec
Page 97 and 98:
9.3.3 Experirnent iII 82 Five child
Page 99 and 100:
Chapter '10 RESUTTS AND DISCUSSION
Page 101 and 102:
86 Test times of adult subjects Tes
Page 103 and 104:
88 Sources of variability in TÀBIE
Page 105 and 106:
(p.0.0001 ), indicating that trial
Page 107 and 108:
92 l1 t6 t5 ^lq v¡ êt3 o H¡Z vt
Page 109 and 110:
Decision Procedure, indicating that
Page 111 and 112:
96 10. 3 EXPERIMENT Iii : APPLICÀT
Page 113 and 114:
98 Sources of variabiJ.ity in (1971
Page 115 and 116:
For the 7-10 year old group, the me
Page 117 and 118:
slight modification was made on the
Page 119 and 120:
Chapter '11 CONCTUSiON This study s
Page 121 and 122:
In conclusion, Thornton's (1977 ) n
Page 123 and 124:
Hakim, P., and Solimano, G., 1978,
Page 125 and 126:
Simko, M.0., Cowe11, C. and Gilbrid
Page 127 and 128:
PART II - BIBTIOGRÀPHY Brown, G. C
Page 129 and 130:
Sommer,4., Katz, J., and Tarwotjo,
Page 131 and 132:
QUESTi ONNAI RE Appendix B REPRESEN
Page 133 and 134:
118 ( ) 4. Divorced 18" Mother read
Page 135 and 136:
120 ( ) 4. For poultry purposes ( )
Page 137 and 138:
122 No. of all-owed repl i es : 1 .
Page 139 and 140:
124 ( ) 2. No ( ) 3. Not applicable
Page 141 and 142:
126 86. I^Ihy don't question ) you
Page 143 and 144:
128 108. I,ihat are the foods that
Page 145 and 146:
130 126 " Eco-zones No. of alLowed
Page 147 and 148:
132 I " He i gtrt of chi Id Cen t i
Page 149 and 150:
134 27. What are pregnant ? Months
Page 151 and 152:
Appendix D LiST AND CODES OF STUDY
Page 153 and 154:
Àppendix E LETTER OF PERMiSSION T0
Page 155 and 156:
Appendix F LETTER OF REQUEST Univer
Page 157 and 158:
My telephone number is: 142 Phone 4
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