novel approaches to expression and detection of oestrus in dairy cows
novel approaches to expression and detection of oestrus in dairy cows novel approaches to expression and detection of oestrus in dairy cows
(Berglund, 2008) and SNP reliability may decrease (Hayes et al., 2009). However, the accuracy of SNP selection has been reported to be increased between 10 and 30% even for traits with low heritability (h2
CHAPTER 4 – Development of a Novel Technology for the Purpose of Oestrous Detection 4.1 INTRODUCTION Detection of oestrus is a key determinant of profitability of dairy herds (Pecsok et al., 1994). At present oestrous detection rates are only 50% (DairyCo, 2009) but have the potential to be much higher with appropriate methods of oestrous detection, reaching the current herd target of above 70% (DairyCo, 2009). Therefore there is a clear opportunity in the market for development of a novel technology for the purpose of oestrous detection. Traditionally oestrous detection was performed just by visual observation, although due to increasing herd sizes and decreasing oestrous expression, this method although most accurate, is now less successful and inefficient. Currently oestrous detection is moving towards automated technologies that analyse the traits being measured, with the aim to accurately and efficiently detect oestrus according to the criteria set out by Senger (1994). Many automated technologies have been reviewed (Firk et al., 2002;Rorie et al., 2002;Roelofs et al., 2010), with the most common and successful at present being pedometry/ activity monitoring (At-Taras and Spahr, 2001). However, activity monitoring has its limitations and may only increase oestrous detection rates by 10-12% (DairyCo, 2009). In order to detect cows that are standing to be mounted and cows that are mounting, to accurately detect oestrus it will be necessary to employ a novel technique such as ubiquitous positioning. Ubiquitous positioning is a technology to locate people, objects or both, anytime, whether indoors or outdoors or moving between the two. The subject must be located at predefined location accuracies which can be aided by the support of one or more location-sensing devices and associated infrastructure to assist definition of coordinates (Meng et al., 2007). Many approaches to precision positioning are able to define the subject’s location although they vary in their suitability for use to monitor oestrus in dairy cows. Ubiquitous positioning mainly focuses on global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), including GPS (US), GALILEO (EU), GLONASS (Russia) and Compass (China) which are capable of 3D positioning. Single receiver GNSS is capable of accuracies ranging from a few metres to tens of metres 81
- Page 45 and 46: 1.4.3.2 Milk Yield and Nutrition Di
- Page 47 and 48: influence the ability of the ovary
- Page 49 and 50: cyclicity can be delayed if dietary
- Page 51 and 52: indication for the optimal time to
- Page 53 and 54: calving), 3) pre-breeding heat date
- Page 55 and 56: 1.5.2 Physiological Changes Physiol
- Page 57 and 58: 1.5.2.3 Body and Milk Temperature T
- Page 59 and 60: physical activity and stage of the
- Page 61 and 62: caused by the general environment t
- Page 63 and 64: may be gained. This is because data
- Page 65 and 66: In summary the objective was to for
- Page 67 and 68: diet, with concentrates at milking.
- Page 69 and 70: oestrus was defined as 3 consecutiv
- Page 71 and 72: The interaction between parity and
- Page 73 and 74: individual oestrus was not signific
- Page 75 and 76: Table 2.4 The effects of the intera
- Page 77 and 78: (361 vs. 578 points, respectively,
- Page 79 and 80: oestrous expression with increasing
- Page 81 and 82: the blood (Sangsritavong et al., 20
- Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 - Single Nucleotide Polym
- Page 85 and 86: population owing to previous select
- Page 87 and 88: Table 3.1 Cont. Follicle Stimulatin
- Page 89 and 90: 3.2.4 Sequencing of DNA in the Labo
- Page 91 and 92: was achieved. PCR products were rem
- Page 93 and 94: 3.4 DISCUSSION The objectives of th
- Page 95: fertility and oestrous expression.
- Page 99 and 100: In summary UWB seems a good option
- Page 101 and 102: Initial tests were carried out to i
- Page 103 and 104: Therefore this demonstrates that X
- Page 105 and 106: which is most important for achievi
- Page 107 and 108: Figure 4.9 Horizontal - Vertical Di
- Page 109 and 110: that UWB is matching the ‘truth
- Page 111 and 112: mounting cow. For example height ch
- Page 113 and 114: Backpack 1 st put on in AI stalls E
- Page 115 and 116: Cows’ behaviour was assessed at 5
- Page 117 and 118: or that the cows were in an area of
- Page 119 and 120: plane, but mostly in achieving high
- Page 121 and 122: Develop techniques for analysis of
- Page 123 and 124: in elastic silicone moulded over a
- Page 125 and 126: and time of mount, duration of moun
- Page 127 and 128: observed matched with increases in
- Page 129 and 130: 5.3 RESULTS Results demonstrate pos
- Page 131 and 132: Figure 5.2 Graph showing mounting b
- Page 133 and 134: Table 5.1 Results from POC 2 showin
- Page 135 and 136: Table 5.3 Efficiency and accuracy o
- Page 137 and 138: oestrus and oestrus it is clear to
- Page 139 and 140: P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentr
- Page 141 and 142: P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentr
- Page 143 and 144: P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentr
- Page 145 and 146: P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentr
(Berglund, 2008) <strong>and</strong> SNP reliability may decrease (Hayes et al., 2009).<br />
However, the accuracy <strong>of</strong> SNP selection has been reported <strong>to</strong> be <strong>in</strong>creased<br />
between 10 <strong>and</strong> 30% even for traits with low heritability (h2
Change language