novel approaches to expression and detection of oestrus in dairy cows

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Table 2.2 Effects of parity, oestrous number and time period of year on activity at oestrus Variable P value Parity 2 295 61 Oestrous Number Oestrous Number Post Partum 0.01 1 151 0.02 65 2 151 68 3 151 64 Time Period of Time Period 0.004 1 230 0.02 65 Year 2 180 68 3 263 69 4 257 66 n = total number of oestrous events for each parameter a Effect of each variable on activity at oestrus b Mean prediction of activity generated by the statistical model Table 2.3 Effect of milk yield on the activity increase at oestrus Variable P value Effect Standard Error Milk Yield at Oestrus 0.002 Constant 4.206 0.02 Effect -0.004 0.001 Average Daily Milk Yield to Oestrus 0.002 Constant 4.204 0.02 Effect -0.004 0.001 Cumulative Lactation Yield to Oestrus 0.077 Constant 4.203 0.02 Effect -0.0000047 0.0000026 58
Table 2.4 The effects of the interaction between milk yield and parity on the activity increase at oestrus Variable P value Effect Standard Error Milk Yield at Oestrus 0.002 Constant 4.299 0.03 Effect -0.006 0.003 Parity 0.001 Constant Parity 1 4.229 0.04 Effect at Parity 2 -0.00788 0.04 Effect at Parity >2 -0.11654 0.04 Milk Yield at Oestrus x Parity 0.160 Average Daily Milk Yield to Oestrus 0.002 Constant 4.221 0.03 Effect -0.006 0.003 Parity 2 -0.11041 0.03 Average Daily Milk Yield to Oestrus x Parity 0.111 Cumulative Lactation Yield to Oestrus 0.074 Constant 4.251 0.02 Effect -0.0000097 0.0000056 Parity 2 -0.13872 0.03 Cumulative Lactation Yield to Oestrus x Parity 0.376 59
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NOVEL APPROACHES TO EXPRESSION AND
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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2.2.3 Statistical Analyses ........
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5.3 RESULTS .......................
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Furthermore, automated software was
Page 11 and 12:
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Hormonal
Page 13 and 14:
LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Trends in
Page 15 and 16:
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ˚ ˚C μM 2D
Page 17 and 18:
CHAPTER 1 - Introduction & Literatu
Page 19 and 20:
the past 50 years and duration of o
Page 21 and 22:
Oestrus growing follicle (Staigmill
Page 23 and 24: ecomes the main inhibitor of FSH an
Page 25 and 26: calf at 40-50 days post partum; inv
Page 27 and 28: al., 2006). However, aged sperm hav
Page 29 and 30: can occur within 2-3 days, but if t
Page 31 and 32: educes the incidence of problem cow
Page 33 and 34: oestradiol, the LH surge and ovulat
Page 35 and 36: The secondary signs of oestrus can
Page 37 and 38: There are also changes in normal be
Page 39 and 40: engage in more natural behaviours i
Page 41 and 42: 1983). Exact explanations and mecha
Page 43 and 44: 2006) and disruption of LH secretio
Page 45 and 46: 1.4.3.2 Milk Yield and Nutrition Di
Page 47 and 48: influence the ability of the ovary
Page 49 and 50: cyclicity can be delayed if dietary
Page 51 and 52: indication for the optimal time to
Page 53 and 54: calving), 3) pre-breeding heat date
Page 55 and 56: 1.5.2 Physiological Changes Physiol
Page 57 and 58: 1.5.2.3 Body and Milk Temperature T
Page 59 and 60: physical activity and stage of the
Page 61 and 62: caused by the general environment t
Page 63 and 64: may be gained. This is because data
Page 65 and 66: In summary the objective was to for
Page 67 and 68: diet, with concentrates at milking.
Page 69 and 70: oestrus was defined as 3 consecutiv
Page 71 and 72: The interaction between parity and
Page 73: individual oestrus was not signific
Page 77 and 78: (361 vs. 578 points, respectively,
Page 79 and 80: oestrous expression with increasing
Page 81 and 82: the blood (Sangsritavong et al., 20
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 - Single Nucleotide Polym
Page 85 and 86: population owing to previous select
Page 87 and 88: Table 3.1 Cont. Follicle Stimulatin
Page 89 and 90: 3.2.4 Sequencing of DNA in the Labo
Page 91 and 92: was achieved. PCR products were rem
Page 93 and 94: 3.4 DISCUSSION The objectives of th
Page 95 and 96: fertility and oestrous expression.
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 4 - Development of a Novel
Page 99 and 100: In summary UWB seems a good option
Page 101 and 102: Initial tests were carried out to i
Page 103 and 104: Therefore this demonstrates that X
Page 105 and 106: which is most important for achievi
Page 107 and 108: Figure 4.9 Horizontal - Vertical Di
Page 109 and 110: that UWB is matching the ‘truth
Page 111 and 112: mounting cow. For example height ch
Page 113 and 114: Backpack 1 st put on in AI stalls E
Page 115 and 116: Cows’ behaviour was assessed at 5
Page 117 and 118: or that the cows were in an area of
Page 119 and 120: plane, but mostly in achieving high
Page 121 and 122: Develop techniques for analysis of
Page 123 and 124: in elastic silicone moulded over a
Page 125 and 126:
and time of mount, duration of moun
Page 127 and 128:
observed matched with increases in
Page 129 and 130:
5.3 RESULTS Results demonstrate pos
Page 131 and 132:
Figure 5.2 Graph showing mounting b
Page 133 and 134:
Table 5.1 Results from POC 2 showin
Page 135 and 136:
Table 5.3 Efficiency and accuracy o
Page 137 and 138:
oestrus and oestrus it is clear to
Page 139 and 140:
P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentr
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Activity Activity Activity Activity
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
5.4 DISCUSSION The aim of this work
Page 155 and 156:
averaged 70% which was lower than t
Page 157 and 158:
when the cows lie down, especially
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the level of oestrous activity was
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technology larger herds must be mon
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monitoring could also monitor non-l
Page 165 and 166:
antennae which could affect accurac
Page 167 and 168:
predispose cows to illness e.g. met
Page 169 and 170:
CHAPTER 6 - Overall Discussion & Co
Page 171 and 172:
oestrus, h 2 =0.27 (Lovendahl et al
Page 173 and 174:
The final section of this thesis de
Page 175 and 176:
ate. By using UWB in a commercial s
Page 177 and 178:
provides an insight the potential o
Page 179 and 180:
BLOWEY, R. (2005) Factors associate
Page 181 and 182:
ovine gonadotrophin releasing hormo
Page 183 and 184:
GINTHER, O. J., KOT, K., KULICK, L.
Page 185 and 186:
associated with embryonic survival
Page 187 and 188:
ody condition at parturition on end
Page 189 and 190:
Signs in a 24-h Tie-Stalled Dairy H
Page 191 and 192:
SHERMAN, E. L., NKRUMAH, J. D., MUR
Page 193 and 194:
Influence of negative energy balanc
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