novel approaches to expression and detection of oestrus in dairy cows

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1.2 REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1.2.1 The Bovine Oestrous Cycle Heifers reach puberty at 6-12 months of age, at a weight of approximately 200-250kg, at which they commence their oestrous cycles (Forde et al., 2011), throughout the whole of the adult cow’s life, at intervals of approximately 21 days. Oestrus marks the beginning of the oestrous cycle which is followed by first ovulation, ending at the next episode of oestrus. This occurs every 18-24 days as the cow is polyoestrous (as opposed to the ewe and mare which can only reproduce at certain times of the year), and continues indefinitely (Forde et al., 2011), only interrupted by pregnancy or periods of anoestrus, caused by inadequate nutrition or other factors affecting the delicate hormonal balance (Peters and Lamming, 1983). The oestrous cycle is the result of cyclical changes in the ovaries controlled by hormone interactions (see Figure 1.1) of the hypothalamus (GnRH; gonadotrophin releasing hormone), the anterior pituitary gland (FSH; follicle stimulating hormone, LH; luteinising hormone), the ovaries (progesterone, oestradiol, inhibin) and the uterus (prostaglandins). These exert their actions by negative and positive feedback mechanisms (Webb et al., 1992;Forde et al., 2011). Figure 1.1 shows the hormonal changes that occur throughout the bovine oestrous cycle and key structures. FSH stimulates follicle recruitment in waves of 2 to 4 per cycle. LH pulses continue to stimulate the growth and development of the dominant follicle, influencing oestradiol secretion by the dominant follicle. Positive feedback of increasing oestradiol levels results in oestrus and increasing LH pulse frequency to a peak which results in ovulation. Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum (CL) during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle and increases post ovulation. In the non-pregnant cow prostaglandin-F 2α (PGF 2α ) from the uterus causes corpus luteum regression and decreasing progesterone concentration, which allows increasing oestradiol concentrations, due to increased basal LH, resulting in oestrus prior to the LH peak for ovulation (Webb et al., 1992;Webb and Campbell, 2007;Garnsworthy et al., 2008). The oestrous cycle of the cow is best described in 2 phases; the follicular phase and the luteal phase, describing the key structures present during that time. During the shorter follicular phase (4-6 days) oestradiol is the dominant hormone, produced by the 4
Oestrus growing follicle (Staigmiller et al., 1982), before entering the longer luteal phase (14-18 days), dominated by the CL secreting progesterone (Aerts and Bols, 2010). Oestrus is the period between the follicular and luteal phases, in which the cow is sexually receptive, known as day 0, followed by ovulation at day 1 (see Figure 1.1; Peters and Lamming, 1983). Figure 1.1 Hormonal Control of the Bovine Oestrous Cycle. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates follicle recruitment in waves of approximately 2 to 4 per cycle. Luteinising hormone (LH) pulses stimulate the growth and development of the dominant follicle, influencing oestradiol (E2) secretion by the dominant follicle. Positive feedback of increasing E2 levels results in oestrus and increasing LH pulse amplitude to the LH surge which stimulates ovulation. Progesterone (P4) is produced by the corpus luteum (CL) during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle and increases post ovulation. In the non-pregnant cow prostaglandin-F 2α (PGF 2α ) from the uterus causes CL regression and decreasing P4 concentration, which allows increasing E2 concentrations to result in oestrus prior to the LH peak for ovulation (Adapted from Garnsworthy et al., 2008) 5
Page 1 and 2: NOVEL APPROACHES TO EXPRESSION AND
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 5 and 6: 2.2.3 Statistical Analyses ........
Page 7 and 8: 5.3 RESULTS .......................
Page 9 and 10: Furthermore, automated software was
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Hormonal
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Trends in
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ˚ ˚C μM 2D
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 1 - Introduction & Literatu
Page 19: the past 50 years and duration of o
Page 23 and 24: ecomes the main inhibitor of FSH an
Page 25 and 26: calf at 40-50 days post partum; inv
Page 27 and 28: al., 2006). However, aged sperm hav
Page 29 and 30: can occur within 2-3 days, but if t
Page 31 and 32: educes the incidence of problem cow
Page 33 and 34: oestradiol, the LH surge and ovulat
Page 35 and 36: The secondary signs of oestrus can
Page 37 and 38: There are also changes in normal be
Page 39 and 40: engage in more natural behaviours i
Page 41 and 42: 1983). Exact explanations and mecha
Page 43 and 44: 2006) and disruption of LH secretio
Page 45 and 46: 1.4.3.2 Milk Yield and Nutrition Di
Page 47 and 48: influence the ability of the ovary
Page 49 and 50: cyclicity can be delayed if dietary
Page 51 and 52: indication for the optimal time to
Page 53 and 54: calving), 3) pre-breeding heat date
Page 55 and 56: 1.5.2 Physiological Changes Physiol
Page 57 and 58: 1.5.2.3 Body and Milk Temperature T
Page 59 and 60: physical activity and stage of the
Page 61 and 62: caused by the general environment t
Page 63 and 64: may be gained. This is because data
Page 65 and 66: In summary the objective was to for
Page 67 and 68: diet, with concentrates at milking.
Page 69 and 70: oestrus was defined as 3 consecutiv
Page 71 and 72:
The interaction between parity and
Page 73 and 74:
individual oestrus was not signific
Page 75 and 76:
Table 2.4 The effects of the intera
Page 77 and 78:
(361 vs. 578 points, respectively,
Page 79 and 80:
oestrous expression with increasing
Page 81 and 82:
the blood (Sangsritavong et al., 20
Page 83 and 84:
CHAPTER 3 - Single Nucleotide Polym
Page 85 and 86:
population owing to previous select
Page 87 and 88:
Table 3.1 Cont. Follicle Stimulatin
Page 89 and 90:
3.2.4 Sequencing of DNA in the Labo
Page 91 and 92:
was achieved. PCR products were rem
Page 93 and 94:
3.4 DISCUSSION The objectives of th
Page 95 and 96:
fertility and oestrous expression.
Page 97 and 98:
CHAPTER 4 - Development of a Novel
Page 99 and 100:
In summary UWB seems a good option
Page 101 and 102:
Initial tests were carried out to i
Page 103 and 104:
Therefore this demonstrates that X
Page 105 and 106:
which is most important for achievi
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 4.9 Horizontal - Vertical Di
Page 109 and 110:
that UWB is matching the ‘truth
Page 111 and 112:
mounting cow. For example height ch
Page 113 and 114:
Backpack 1 st put on in AI stalls E
Page 115 and 116:
Cows’ behaviour was assessed at 5
Page 117 and 118:
or that the cows were in an area of
Page 119 and 120:
plane, but mostly in achieving high
Page 121 and 122:
Develop techniques for analysis of
Page 123 and 124:
in elastic silicone moulded over a
Page 125 and 126:
and time of mount, duration of moun
Page 127 and 128:
observed matched with increases in
Page 129 and 130:
5.3 RESULTS Results demonstrate pos
Page 131 and 132:
Figure 5.2 Graph showing mounting b
Page 133 and 134:
Table 5.1 Results from POC 2 showin
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Table 5.3 Efficiency and accuracy o
Page 137 and 138:
oestrus and oestrus it is clear to
Page 139 and 140:
P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentr
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Activity Activity Activity Activity
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
5.4 DISCUSSION The aim of this work
Page 155 and 156:
averaged 70% which was lower than t
Page 157 and 158:
when the cows lie down, especially
Page 159 and 160:
the level of oestrous activity was
Page 161 and 162:
technology larger herds must be mon
Page 163 and 164:
monitoring could also monitor non-l
Page 165 and 166:
antennae which could affect accurac
Page 167 and 168:
predispose cows to illness e.g. met
Page 169 and 170:
CHAPTER 6 - Overall Discussion & Co
Page 171 and 172:
oestrus, h 2 =0.27 (Lovendahl et al
Page 173 and 174:
The final section of this thesis de
Page 175 and 176:
ate. By using UWB in a commercial s
Page 177 and 178:
provides an insight the potential o
Page 179 and 180:
BLOWEY, R. (2005) Factors associate
Page 181 and 182:
ovine gonadotrophin releasing hormo
Page 183 and 184:
GINTHER, O. J., KOT, K., KULICK, L.
Page 185 and 186:
associated with embryonic survival
Page 187 and 188:
ody condition at parturition on end
Page 189 and 190:
Signs in a 24-h Tie-Stalled Dairy H
Page 191 and 192:
SHERMAN, E. L., NKRUMAH, J. D., MUR
Page 193 and 194:
Influence of negative energy balanc
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