novel approaches to expression and detection of oestrus in dairy cows

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ates. However, because standing heat is only displayed in a limited number of cows, detection of real-time mounting behaviour is also useful. Ovulation can still be predicted by mounting, occurring 28.7 hours post onset of mounting (Roelofs et al., 2005). This is particularly advantageous especially when only one cow is in oestrus. Here UWB is advantageous because mounting is displayed in 90% of periods of oestrus (Roelofs et al., 2005). The oestrus data recorded by UWB should be beneficial for increasing conception rates because of the real-time perspective of mounting and standing to be mounted in relation to optimal timing of AI; 4 to 12 hours after the onset of standing activity (Dransfield et al., 1998). Other realtime advantages of UWB have also been proven because the end of oestrus can be determined, which can also provide an indication for optimal timing of AI (see Figure 1.2). UWB has the capability to notify the herdsmen when cows are in oestrus, which allows for visual observation and confirmation and further action that needs to be taken such as submitting the cow for AI if she is eligible. Further novel aspects of using UWB for oestrous detection are that because both mounting and standing to be mounted can be identified the accuracy at detecting oestrus increases. When monitoring standing heat alone by visual observation heat detection rates of only 12%-30% have been reported (Van Eerdenburg et al., 1996;Roelofs et al., 2005), but when increasing behaviour monitoring to also include mounting behaviour the detection rate has been reported to increase to 61% (Roelofs et al., 2005). Furthermore, when including all behavioural aspects of oestrus as described by Van Eerdenburg et al., (1996) the detection rate has been reported to increase significantly to between 74%-90% (Van Eerdenburg et al., 1996;Roelofs et al., 2005), highlighting future potential for UWB as 3D positioning has many possibilities for monitoring cow interactions. Oestrus detected by UWB was confirmed principally by visual observation. Due to the experimental design of this study continuous visual observation was used to confirm oestrus accurately. In a more practical situation this would not be possible because it would be too time consuming. Visual and CCTV records confirmed the results reported by UWB; 9 cows were seen mounting and standing to be mounted, and 6 cows did not engage in oestrous behaviour. There was however one exception when a pregnant cow (Cow 38) made two attempts to mount another cow probably because 142
the level of oestrous activity was high. These isolated mounts were recorded by UWB, but this cow was not identified as being in oestrus by herd level script analysis. This behaviour of pregnant cows is not uncommon as it is reported that 6% of pregnant cows become involved in displays of oestrous behaviour (Erb and Morrison, 1958). This cow was also confirmed pregnant by a milk progesterone concentration >10ng/ml throughout the trial period. Progesterone concentration profiles were plotted post trial for analysis of stage of the oestrous cycle, correctly confirming the physiological status of the other pregnant cows as their concentrations all remained above 10ng/ml. The progesterone concentration of all cows displaying oestrus as identified by UWB confirmed the eligibility for oestrus. All the progesterone concentrations were basal,
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NOVEL APPROACHES TO EXPRESSION AND
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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2.2.3 Statistical Analyses ........
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5.3 RESULTS .......................
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Furthermore, automated software was
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Hormonal
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Trends in
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ˚ ˚C μM 2D
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CHAPTER 1 - Introduction & Literatu
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the past 50 years and duration of o
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Oestrus growing follicle (Staigmill
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ecomes the main inhibitor of FSH an
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calf at 40-50 days post partum; inv
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al., 2006). However, aged sperm hav
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can occur within 2-3 days, but if t
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educes the incidence of problem cow
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oestradiol, the LH surge and ovulat
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The secondary signs of oestrus can
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There are also changes in normal be
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engage in more natural behaviours i
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1983). Exact explanations and mecha
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2006) and disruption of LH secretio
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1.4.3.2 Milk Yield and Nutrition Di
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influence the ability of the ovary
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cyclicity can be delayed if dietary
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indication for the optimal time to
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calving), 3) pre-breeding heat date
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1.5.2 Physiological Changes Physiol
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1.5.2.3 Body and Milk Temperature T
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physical activity and stage of the
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caused by the general environment t
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may be gained. This is because data
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In summary the objective was to for
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diet, with concentrates at milking.
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oestrus was defined as 3 consecutiv
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The interaction between parity and
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individual oestrus was not signific
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Table 2.4 The effects of the intera
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(361 vs. 578 points, respectively,
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oestrous expression with increasing
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the blood (Sangsritavong et al., 20
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CHAPTER 3 - Single Nucleotide Polym
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population owing to previous select
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Table 3.1 Cont. Follicle Stimulatin
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3.2.4 Sequencing of DNA in the Labo
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was achieved. PCR products were rem
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3.4 DISCUSSION The objectives of th
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fertility and oestrous expression.
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CHAPTER 4 - Development of a Novel
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In summary UWB seems a good option
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Initial tests were carried out to i
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Therefore this demonstrates that X
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which is most important for achievi
Page 107 and 108: Figure 4.9 Horizontal - Vertical Di
Page 109 and 110: that UWB is matching the ‘truth
Page 111 and 112: mounting cow. For example height ch
Page 113 and 114: Backpack 1 st put on in AI stalls E
Page 115 and 116: Cows’ behaviour was assessed at 5
Page 117 and 118: or that the cows were in an area of
Page 119 and 120: plane, but mostly in achieving high
Page 121 and 122: Develop techniques for analysis of
Page 123 and 124: in elastic silicone moulded over a
Page 125 and 126: and time of mount, duration of moun
Page 127 and 128: observed matched with increases in
Page 129 and 130: 5.3 RESULTS Results demonstrate pos
Page 131 and 132: Figure 5.2 Graph showing mounting b
Page 133 and 134: Table 5.1 Results from POC 2 showin
Page 135 and 136: Table 5.3 Efficiency and accuracy o
Page 137 and 138: oestrus and oestrus it is clear to
Page 139 and 140: P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentr
Page 147 and 148: Activity Activity Activity Activity
Page 153 and 154: 5.4 DISCUSSION The aim of this work
Page 155 and 156: averaged 70% which was lower than t
Page 157: when the cows lie down, especially
Page 161 and 162: technology larger herds must be mon
Page 163 and 164: monitoring could also monitor non-l
Page 165 and 166: antennae which could affect accurac
Page 167 and 168: predispose cows to illness e.g. met
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER 6 - Overall Discussion & Co
Page 171 and 172: oestrus, h 2 =0.27 (Lovendahl et al
Page 173 and 174: The final section of this thesis de
Page 175 and 176: ate. By using UWB in a commercial s
Page 177 and 178: provides an insight the potential o
Page 179 and 180: BLOWEY, R. (2005) Factors associate
Page 181 and 182: ovine gonadotrophin releasing hormo
Page 183 and 184: GINTHER, O. J., KOT, K., KULICK, L.
Page 185 and 186: associated with embryonic survival
Page 187 and 188: ody condition at parturition on end
Page 189 and 190: Signs in a 24-h Tie-Stalled Dairy H
Page 191 and 192: SHERMAN, E. L., NKRUMAH, J. D., MUR
Page 193 and 194: Influence of negative energy balanc
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