novel approaches to expression and detection of oestrus in dairy cows

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work using UWB has demonstrated centimetre accuracy in the Z axis; averaging 10cm, but often being even more precise (80%, which shows that a high proportion of mounts and cow positions were recorded by the UWB network. A small proportion of mounts were undetectable due to UWB error which was a problem with the technology, but this is probably attributed to the prototype stage of development of the equipment (discussed in section 5.4.4). An equally small proportion of mounts were simply not identifiable in the UWB data as changes in height had not been recorded. This could potentially be attributed to mounts of less than 3 seconds duration. This is such a short movement that the position coordinates may not have been recorded. Unidentified mounts may also have been due to poor signal quality arising from areas of poor geometry in the dairy barn and therefore positions were not recorded by UWB, particularly if mounts were of short duration (
averaged 70% which was lower than the matching rate of visually observed mounts and mounts recorded by UWB. The automated matching rate was perhaps lower because one function of the script was to detect only mounts of >3 seconds. This is because there is a pattern of UWB error of short spiking similar to mounts of short duration. However, this does not pose a problem for the detection of oestrus as most ‘true’ mounts were detected, demonstrating that for cows in oestrus mounting lasted longer than 2 seconds, ensuring more robust detection of cows in oestrus. Average duration of individual mounting events has been reported as 3.20 to 3.36 seconds (At-Taras and Spahr, 2001) which can be easily identified by UWB. The matching rate between declared and visually observed mounts is also perhaps lower as one cow (Cow 48) was eliminated from the automated analysis due to a function of the script. The script detects oestrus by the positioning relationship between 2 cows, both equipped with UWB; however when Cow 48 was in oestrus it was the only cow with a UWB MU in oestrus at the time. Script accuracy in identifying actual mounts concurring with visual records was lower (averaging only 53.7%; see Table 5.3 and 5.4). A larger proportion of mounts are declared by the script than actually occurred, and only 50% of the script declared mounts match with visual observation of mounts. This indicates that specificity of the script for correct mounts and standing to be mounted is lower. The number of mounts that are not identified is relatively low which is promising, indicating that most oestrous behaviour can be recorded. As previously mentioned UWB errors occur due to the early stage of development of the technology, and a proportion of mounts are unable to be detected as their limits are out of the boundaries set by the script. Limits were as follows; minimum mounting height at 1.3m and maximum mounting height at 2.6m, or when the relative position of the 2 MUs were outside of the set limits for X and Y: X(Y)
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NOVEL APPROACHES TO EXPRESSION AND
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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2.2.3 Statistical Analyses ........
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5.3 RESULTS .......................
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Furthermore, automated software was
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Hormonal
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Trends in
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ˚ ˚C μM 2D
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CHAPTER 1 - Introduction & Literatu
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the past 50 years and duration of o
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Oestrus growing follicle (Staigmill
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ecomes the main inhibitor of FSH an
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calf at 40-50 days post partum; inv
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al., 2006). However, aged sperm hav
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can occur within 2-3 days, but if t
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educes the incidence of problem cow
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oestradiol, the LH surge and ovulat
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The secondary signs of oestrus can
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There are also changes in normal be
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engage in more natural behaviours i
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1983). Exact explanations and mecha
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2006) and disruption of LH secretio
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1.4.3.2 Milk Yield and Nutrition Di
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influence the ability of the ovary
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cyclicity can be delayed if dietary
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indication for the optimal time to
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calving), 3) pre-breeding heat date
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1.5.2 Physiological Changes Physiol
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1.5.2.3 Body and Milk Temperature T
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physical activity and stage of the
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caused by the general environment t
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may be gained. This is because data
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In summary the objective was to for
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diet, with concentrates at milking.
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oestrus was defined as 3 consecutiv
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The interaction between parity and
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individual oestrus was not signific
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Table 2.4 The effects of the intera
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(361 vs. 578 points, respectively,
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oestrous expression with increasing
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the blood (Sangsritavong et al., 20
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CHAPTER 3 - Single Nucleotide Polym
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population owing to previous select
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Table 3.1 Cont. Follicle Stimulatin
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3.2.4 Sequencing of DNA in the Labo
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was achieved. PCR products were rem
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3.4 DISCUSSION The objectives of th
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fertility and oestrous expression.
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CHAPTER 4 - Development of a Novel
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In summary UWB seems a good option
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Initial tests were carried out to i
Page 103 and 104: Therefore this demonstrates that X
Page 105 and 106: which is most important for achievi
Page 107 and 108: Figure 4.9 Horizontal - Vertical Di
Page 109 and 110: that UWB is matching the ‘truth
Page 111 and 112: mounting cow. For example height ch
Page 113 and 114: Backpack 1 st put on in AI stalls E
Page 115 and 116: Cows’ behaviour was assessed at 5
Page 117 and 118: or that the cows were in an area of
Page 119 and 120: plane, but mostly in achieving high
Page 121 and 122: Develop techniques for analysis of
Page 123 and 124: in elastic silicone moulded over a
Page 125 and 126: and time of mount, duration of moun
Page 127 and 128: observed matched with increases in
Page 129 and 130: 5.3 RESULTS Results demonstrate pos
Page 131 and 132: Figure 5.2 Graph showing mounting b
Page 133 and 134: Table 5.1 Results from POC 2 showin
Page 135 and 136: Table 5.3 Efficiency and accuracy o
Page 137 and 138: oestrus and oestrus it is clear to
Page 139 and 140: P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentr
Page 147 and 148: Activity Activity Activity Activity
Page 153: 5.4 DISCUSSION The aim of this work
Page 157 and 158: when the cows lie down, especially
Page 159 and 160: the level of oestrous activity was
Page 161 and 162: technology larger herds must be mon
Page 163 and 164: monitoring could also monitor non-l
Page 165 and 166: antennae which could affect accurac
Page 167 and 168: predispose cows to illness e.g. met
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER 6 - Overall Discussion & Co
Page 171 and 172: oestrus, h 2 =0.27 (Lovendahl et al
Page 173 and 174: The final section of this thesis de
Page 175 and 176: ate. By using UWB in a commercial s
Page 177 and 178: provides an insight the potential o
Page 179 and 180: BLOWEY, R. (2005) Factors associate
Page 181 and 182: ovine gonadotrophin releasing hormo
Page 183 and 184: GINTHER, O. J., KOT, K., KULICK, L.
Page 185 and 186: associated with embryonic survival
Page 187 and 188: ody condition at parturition on end
Page 189 and 190: Signs in a 24-h Tie-Stalled Dairy H
Page 191 and 192: SHERMAN, E. L., NKRUMAH, J. D., MUR
Page 193 and 194: Influence of negative energy balanc
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