novel approaches to expression and detection of oestrus in dairy cows

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5.2.6.2 Activity Data Analysis Activity data collected over the trial period was analysed by plotting activity against date and time. This resulted in 12 activity readings daily of the mean activity for 2 hourly periods with peaks denoting oestrus. Date and time of activity increase, peaks on the graph, were used to confirm oestrus detected by UWB and to compare methods of detection. 5.2.6.3 Analysis of CCTV and Visual Records After POC 1 CCTV video footage recorded during the trial was analysed in order to record the mounting behaviour of each cow in oestrus. The quality of data from POC 1 was poor due to lack of continuity of data collection, but selected oestrus data could be determined from the UWB raw data by comparing the time of oestrus events with the CCTV recording. The visual records of oestrus from POC 2 and POC 3 were compared with UWB data to determine if the specific positions associated with oestrous behaviour were recorded by UWB. The visual records were then compared to UWB data which had been analysed automatically by script algorithms to determine the accuracy of the script at predicting individual episodes of mounting and standing to be mounted. CCTV footage from POC 3 was also used to confirm or deny any mounts declared by automated script analysis that did not correspond to visual records. These were either due to the UWB system or human error. 5.2.6.4 UWB Analysis UWB data were analysed to determine if mounting had been recorded by increases in the Z positioning coordinates. The UWB data were then analysed by an automated script (MatLab R2009b, The MathWorks, Inc., US) to determine episodes of oestrous behaviour by the cows relative position in relation to each other. Finally, automated script software was developed to detect cows in oestrus. 5.2.6.4.1 UWB Data UWB raw data were analysed against the times of mounting events recorded by visual observation to determine whether the elevation in height that occurred during mounting had been recorded by UWB. Mounts were recorded as ‘identified mounts’ if the events that were visually 110
observed matched with increases in height coordinates present in the UWB data, or not identified mounts if the visual observations did not match with increases in height coordinates in the UWB data. The UWB observations were expressed as a percentage of the total number of mounts visually observed and recorded (minus UWB error; where data was missing because coordinates were not recorded by UWB, signal quality was poor therefore accuracy had deteriorated or when the unit had turned off) to determine the percentage accuracy of UWB. 5.2.6.4.2 Script Analysis It was clear from analysis of UWB data that cow positions and elevations in height during oestrus were recorded which prompted development of a script to automatically analyse UWB data and declare mounting and standing events occurring by individual cows. Script 1 was developed to take into account the average dimensions of a Holstein Friesian dairy cow and thus the relative position between 2 cows whilst one stood to be mounted by another. Firstly data were filtered to remove any outlying values above and below the set height limits for a mount (minimum; 1.3m and maximum; 2.6m) and to remove data of poor quality (
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NOVEL APPROACHES TO EXPRESSION AND
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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2.2.3 Statistical Analyses ........
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5.3 RESULTS .......................
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Furthermore, automated software was
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Hormonal
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Trends in
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ˚ ˚C μM 2D
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CHAPTER 1 - Introduction & Literatu
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the past 50 years and duration of o
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Oestrus growing follicle (Staigmill
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ecomes the main inhibitor of FSH an
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calf at 40-50 days post partum; inv
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al., 2006). However, aged sperm hav
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can occur within 2-3 days, but if t
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educes the incidence of problem cow
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oestradiol, the LH surge and ovulat
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The secondary signs of oestrus can
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There are also changes in normal be
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engage in more natural behaviours i
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1983). Exact explanations and mecha
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2006) and disruption of LH secretio
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1.4.3.2 Milk Yield and Nutrition Di
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influence the ability of the ovary
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cyclicity can be delayed if dietary
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indication for the optimal time to
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calving), 3) pre-breeding heat date
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1.5.2 Physiological Changes Physiol
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1.5.2.3 Body and Milk Temperature T
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physical activity and stage of the
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caused by the general environment t
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may be gained. This is because data
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In summary the objective was to for
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diet, with concentrates at milking.
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oestrus was defined as 3 consecutiv
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The interaction between parity and
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individual oestrus was not signific
Page 75 and 76: Table 2.4 The effects of the intera
Page 77 and 78: (361 vs. 578 points, respectively,
Page 79 and 80: oestrous expression with increasing
Page 81 and 82: the blood (Sangsritavong et al., 20
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 - Single Nucleotide Polym
Page 85 and 86: population owing to previous select
Page 87 and 88: Table 3.1 Cont. Follicle Stimulatin
Page 89 and 90: 3.2.4 Sequencing of DNA in the Labo
Page 91 and 92: was achieved. PCR products were rem
Page 93 and 94: 3.4 DISCUSSION The objectives of th
Page 95 and 96: fertility and oestrous expression.
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 4 - Development of a Novel
Page 99 and 100: In summary UWB seems a good option
Page 101 and 102: Initial tests were carried out to i
Page 103 and 104: Therefore this demonstrates that X
Page 105 and 106: which is most important for achievi
Page 107 and 108: Figure 4.9 Horizontal - Vertical Di
Page 109 and 110: that UWB is matching the ‘truth
Page 111 and 112: mounting cow. For example height ch
Page 113 and 114: Backpack 1 st put on in AI stalls E
Page 115 and 116: Cows’ behaviour was assessed at 5
Page 117 and 118: or that the cows were in an area of
Page 119 and 120: plane, but mostly in achieving high
Page 121 and 122: Develop techniques for analysis of
Page 123 and 124: in elastic silicone moulded over a
Page 125: and time of mount, duration of moun
Page 129 and 130: 5.3 RESULTS Results demonstrate pos
Page 131 and 132: Figure 5.2 Graph showing mounting b
Page 133 and 134: Table 5.1 Results from POC 2 showin
Page 135 and 136: Table 5.3 Efficiency and accuracy o
Page 137 and 138: oestrus and oestrus it is clear to
Page 139 and 140: P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentr
Page 147 and 148: Activity Activity Activity Activity
Page 153 and 154: 5.4 DISCUSSION The aim of this work
Page 155 and 156: averaged 70% which was lower than t
Page 157 and 158: when the cows lie down, especially
Page 159 and 160: the level of oestrous activity was
Page 161 and 162: technology larger herds must be mon
Page 163 and 164: monitoring could also monitor non-l
Page 165 and 166: antennae which could affect accurac
Page 167 and 168: predispose cows to illness e.g. met
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER 6 - Overall Discussion & Co
Page 171 and 172: oestrus, h 2 =0.27 (Lovendahl et al
Page 173 and 174: The final section of this thesis de
Page 175 and 176: ate. By using UWB in a commercial s
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provides an insight the potential o
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BLOWEY, R. (2005) Factors associate
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ovine gonadotrophin releasing hormo
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GINTHER, O. J., KOT, K., KULICK, L.
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associated with embryonic survival
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ody condition at parturition on end
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Signs in a 24-h Tie-Stalled Dairy H
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SHERMAN, E. L., NKRUMAH, J. D., MUR
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Influence of negative energy balanc
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